文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析完整版Word下载.docx

文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析完整版Word下载.docx

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InwritingTheEveofSt.Agnes,Keatsfirstproducedtheline,“Asthougharoseshouldcloseandbeabudagain”.Butwhenhere-readtheline,hesubstitutedthewordshutforclose:

”Asthougharoseshouldshutandbeabudagain”

4.Theviewofstyleasforegroundingisafurtherviewofstylewhichappearstobeacompromisebetweenviewofstyleasdevianceandviewofstyleaschoice.Thetermforegroundingisaconceptofpictorialarts,referringtothatpartofthecompositionthatappearstobeclosesttotheview.

e.g.P19

Whenhelaughed,respectablesenatorsburstwithlaughter,

Andwhenhecriedthelittlechildrendiedinthestreets.

（W.H.Auden,EpitaphonaTyrant）

Audencouldhavechosenadifferentstructureforeachline,yethelimitedhimselftothesameoption.Theparallelstructureheredrawstheattentionofthereaderandmakeshimseethesematicconnectionbetweenthetwolines.Thisisatypeofforegrounding.（汪洁）

Chapter3

5.Grammetrics:

thewaysinwhichgrammaticalunitsarefittedintometricalunitssuchaslinesandstanzas.

e.g.P35

ThisIsJusttoSay

Ihaveeaten

theplums

thatwerein

theice-box

andwhich

youwereprobably

saving

forbreakfast

Forgiveme

theyweredelicious

sosweet

andsocold

Itcreatesapulling-forwardeffect.Inoneline,althoughtheverbeatcaneithertakeanobjectornot,theabsenceofpunctuationattheendofthelinemakesusexpectone.Thuswearedrivenforwardtothesecondlinewhereourexpectationissatisfied.（章嫣羚）

6.Affixation:

istheadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemwhichalreadyexistsinthelanguage.

e.g.P46

AndITiresiashaveforesufferedall.（T.S.Eliot）

Thenoncewordforesufferediscoinedbyaddingtheprefix‘fore-’totheitem‘suffer’.Theprefix‘fore-’conveysthemeaning‘beforehand’andisnormallyreservedforjoiningwithsuchitemsas‘see’,‘tell’and‘warn’.Thenovelusehere,accordingtoLeech,encapsulatesanewlyformulatedidea:

itispossibletoanticipatemysticallythesufferingofthefuture,justasitispossibleto‘foresee’and‘foretell’ortohave‘foreknowledge’ofthefutureevents.（章嫣羚）

7.Graphology:

theencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.

e.g.P30

Graphologicaldeviationcanoccurinanysub-areaofgraphology,suchastheshapeofthetext,thetypeofprint,grammetrics,punctuation,in-dentation,etc.

[Thematic-fronting]

8.Markedtheme:

Theinitialunitofaclausemaybecalleditstheme.Therestofclauseelementsmightbeputinthethematicpositioninordertoachievecertainliteraryeffect.Thethemethusproducedisunusualandisthereforecalleda“marked“theme.

E,g.P40

Myopinionofthecoaltradeonthatriveris,thatitmayrequiretalent,butitcertainlyrequirescapital.TalentMr.Micawberhas,capitalMr.Micawberhasnot.（Dickens,DavidCopperfield）.

Inthesecondsentence,twoobjects----talentandcapitalwereplacedinthefrontofeachclause.Thefunctionoftheunusualclausethemeseemstobethree-fold:

a）itneatlyknitstheparagraphtogetherandisthusapowerfuldeviceoftextualcohesion,

b）itservestoformacontractinmeaningbetweenthetwoparallelclauses,c）itgivesmuchemphasistothetwowordsshiftedtotheinitialposition.（屈静华）

9.compounding:

compoundingisthecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone.N

E,g.P47

WhileI,joy-jumping,empty-eyedsangonthedaymyfatherdied.（EdwinBrook）

Inthissentence,joy-jumpingisacompoundmadeuponthepatternofnoun+“ing”participle.Thiswordcoinedfromtheidiom“jumpforjoy”whichmeans“jumpbecauseofjoy”.Thedaywhen“my”fatherdiedcannotbeahappyday.Therefore,theextensionofthecompoundrulehereonanidiommakesthesituationdescribesinthepoemmuchmoreironical.

Thewordempty-eyedisalsoacompound.Itmeans“onthedaymyfatherdied”“therearenotearsin‘my’eyes”.Here,theironicaleffectisfurtherreinforcedanddeveloped.（屈静华）

10.Aphesis:

theomissionofaninitialpartofaword.

E,g.

Thouonwhosestream,’midthesteepsky’scommotion,

Loosecloudslikeearth’sdecayingleavesareshed,（P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind）

Thecompleteformofmid’inthelineis‘amid’.（夏莹）

11.Apocope:

theomissionofafinalpartofaword.

Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear,

Andtherocksmeltwi’thesun

Iwilllovetheestill,mydear,

Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun.

（RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose）

Here,Burnshasuseda’for‘all’,wi’for‘with’ando’for‘of’.（夏莹）

12.Conversion:

whichisoftendescribedas‘zeroaffixation’,istheadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.

“I’llGoldenBullyou,yourascal!

”roaredtheMajestyofPrussia.（Macaulay）

ThenounphraseGoldenBullisturnedtoaverbtoconveythemeaning,tofight（someone）likeaGoldenBull.SinceGoldenBullwasusedasapropernounintheprecedingsentence,theconversationofitintoaverbmakesthepassagehighlycohesive.ItalsovividlymanifeststheboorishnessoftheMajestyofPrussia.（叶淑萍）

13.Syncope:

theomissionofamedialpartofaword.

Avoicesothrillingne’erwasheard

Inspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,

Breakingthesilenceoftheseas

AmongthefarthestHebridges.

（Wordsworth,TheSolitaryReaper）

Theoriginalformofne’erinthefirstlineis“never”.It’saconventionallicensesofversecomposition.Itchangesthepronunciationoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects.（叶淑萍）

Chapter4

14.Oxymoron:

Itistheyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionwhichareincompatible,sothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivableliteralreferencetoreality.矛盾修辞

Falsetrue/diemerrily/alivingdeath--------createthecommunicativeeffect

15.Paradox:

Itisastatementwhichisabsurdbecauseitisself-evidentlyfalse.似非而是

Ignoranceisstrength.Expressacertaintruthormessagethroughapparentfalsehood.

16.Metonymy:

Itisthesubstitutionofawordreferringtoanattributeofthethingthatismeant,ratherthanthesubstitutionofapartforthewhole,orthewholeforapart.转喻

e.g.P65

Thegloriesofourbloodandstate,

Areshadows,notsubstantialthings;

Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;

Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;

SceptreandCrown

Musttumbledown

Andinthedustbeequalmade

WiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.

（Shirley,TheGloriesofourBlood）

SceptreandCrownarethingsthatkingsandqueenscarryandweartopresenttheirpowerandauthority,andarethereforemetonymsforkingsandqueens.Scytheandspadearethingsusedbypeasantsorfarmworkers,andarethereforemetonymsforpeasants.（冯丹）

17.Synecdoche:

a）Itisatypeoftransferenceofmeaningwhichinvolvesthesubstitutionofapartforthewhole.b）Itcanalsobeinterpretedmorebroadlytoincludesubstitutionofthewholeforapart.提喻

Hecan’trideawheel.Awheelsubstitutesthebicycle.

18.Metaphor:

Itisthefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,asitwere,theliteralmeaning.隐喻

e.g.P69

Thefrogcameonthecat’sfeet.

Sheisreallyaduck,shethought.

（Galsworthy,TheForsyteSaga）

Sheisahumanreferentandtreatedeitherasaduck.（陈沈慧）

19.Overstatement:

Itistermedhyperboleintraditionalrhetoric.Itdistortsthetruthbygreatexaggeration.Itisusuallyusedtoemphasizestrongfeelingandtocreateasentimental,satiricorcomiceffect.Anoverstatementisoftenmetaphorical.夸张，夸张手法

e.g.P71

Forshewasbeautiful-herbeautymade

Thebrightworlddim,andeverythingbeside

Seemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.

（Shelley）

Theoverstatementherbeautymadethebrightworlddimexpressesthespeaker’sgreatadmirationforthefemalefigure.Actually,whatthepoetintendstosay,putinplainterms,isthatshewasextraordinarilybeautiful.（陈沈慧）

20.Homophony:

Thewordsthathavethesamepronunciationbutdifferinformandmeaning.同音异义词

e.g.P77

WhenIamdead,Ihopeitmaybesaid

‘Hissinswerescarlet,buthisbooksareread.’

（Belloc,OnhisBooks）

Whenwehaveheardtheselineswewouldhavetwosimultaneousinterpretationsofthelastlexicalitem:

thepastparticipleoftheverb'

read'

whichrelatestohisbooksandtheadjective'

red'

relatingtoitshyponymscarletinthefirsthalfofthesameline.

21.Polysemy:

theambiguityofanindividualwordorphrasethatcanbeused（indifferentcontexts）toexpresstwoormoredifferentmeanings一词多义

e.g.P79

Franklin:

Hancock’sright.Thisisourpassporttothegallows.Butthereisnobackingoutnow.Ifwedon’thangtogether,weshallassuredlyhangseparately.

（