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encage(入笼),enbed(上床)
ex-外部,外:
exit,expand(扩张),export
fore-在前面:
forehead,foreground,foreleg,forefootin-,im-向内,在内,背于:
inland,inside,indoor(s),importinter-在⋯⋯间,相互:
international,interaction,internet,interviewmid-中,中间:
mid-position,mid-term,mid-autumn,midnightout-在外部,在外:
outline,outside,outward(s),outdoor(s)over-在上面,在外部,向上:
overlook,overhead,overboard,overcoat,overdress,oversea(s)海(外)
post-向后,在后边,次:
postscript(附言),post-reading,postwarpre-在前,在前面,提前:
prefix(前缀),preface(前言),preposition,super-在⋯..之上,超级:
supernatural,superpower,supermantrans-移上,转上,在那一边:
translate,transform,transplant,transportation
under-在⋯..下面,下的:
underline,underground,underwater,undershirtup-向上,向上面,在上:
upward(s),uphold,uphill(上坡)auto-自己,独立,自动:
automobile,autobiographytele-远离:
television,telephone,telegram,telegraph,telescope
3表示时间,序列关系的前缀:
fore-在前面,先前,前面:
foreword,forecast,foretell,foresee,foreknow,
mid-中,中间:
midnight,midsummer,mid-day,mid-autumnpost-在后,后:
postwar,postgraduate(研究生),postdatepre-在前,事先,预先:
preheat,prewar,prehistory,preview,prebattle,re-再一次,重新:
retell,rewrite,renew,reconsider,reuse,remarry,recycle,rebuild
4表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:
by-副,次要的:
byproduct(副产品),bywork(副业)extra-超越,额外:
extraordinary
over-超过,过度,太:
overeat,oversleep,overpraise,overwork,overact(行为过分),overdo
under-低劣,低下:
undersize,undergrown,underproductio(n生产不足)vice-副,次:
vice-president,vice-chairman
5表示共同,相等意思的前缀:
co-共同,一起:
coexist,co-operate,co-worker,coactions,coauthor
6表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:
a-afraid,alive,alone,asleep,ashamed,aloud,ahead,aside,alike,awake
7表示分离,离开意思的前缀:
a-分离,离开:
away,apart
de-离去,处去:
depart,decolour
8自我:
self-self-protect(ion),self-made,self-control
9表示变换词类作用的前缀:
be-befriend
en-enslave,enable,enrich,enlarge,encourage
10表示数量关系的前缀:
a.uni-单一,一:
uniform,unicellular(单细胞)
b.bi-二,两,双,bicycle,bilingual双语的,bimonthlytri-三:
triangle三角形
c.semi-半,一半:
semiconductor,semicircle,semimonthly,semifinal
d.centi-百,百分之一:
centimeter
e.kilo-千,千分之一:
kilometer,kilogram,kilowatt,kilowatt
f.micro-微小:
microsoft,microcomputer,microscope,micro-wave
g.multi-许多,复,多数:
multimedia,multicolored,multiculture,multiparty多党的
h.milli-千分之一、毫:
millimeter,milligram
i.mini-微小、微型:
minibus,miniskirt,minipark
(2)后缀
1名词后缀:
a.具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an,-ian,-ician⋯⋯地方的人,精通⋯⋯的人:
American,Asian,
Australian,Russian,Italian,historian,librarian,electrician,magician,technician,musician,politician(政客),physician
-ant,-ent⋯⋯人:
merchant,servant,assistant,agent,student,-ee动作承受者:
employee,examinee,payee,interviewee-eer从事于⋯⋯人:
engineer,volunteer
-er从事某种职业的人,某地区,地方的人:
banker,observer,Londoner,villagersinger,driver,writer,speaker,traveller,buyer
-or⋯⋯者:
author,doctor,operator,actor,visitor,inventor,educator-ar,-ary⋯⋯的人,从事⋯⋯的人:
scholar,liar,beggar,secretary,missionary
-ese⋯⋯国人⋯⋯地方的人:
Chinese,Japanese,Cantone(se广东人)-ess阴性人称名词:
actress,hostess,princess,waitress
-ist从事⋯⋯研究者,信仰⋯⋯主义者:
pianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist,socialist,typist,receptionist
-icist⋯⋯家,⋯⋯者,⋯⋯能手:
physicist,,technicist
-logist⋯⋯学家,研究者:
biologist,geologist
b.构成具有抽象名词的含义:
-age状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称:
courage,storage,marriage,percentage
-al事物的动作,过程:
refusal,arrival,survival,denial,approval,trial,burial
-ance,-ence性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度:
importance,distance,avoidance,appearance,performance,diligence,difference,obedience,absence,presence,existence
-ancy,-ency性质,状态,行为,过程:
frequency,urgency,efficiency,-ity性质,状态,程度:
purity,reality,equality,majority
-bility动作,性质,状态:
ability,possibility,probability,responsibility-dom等级,领域,状态:
freedom,kingdom,wisdom-ery,-ry行为,状态,习性,性质:
bravery,slavery
-hood资格,身份,年纪,状态:
childhood,girlhood,boyhood,manhood-ice行为,性质,状态:
notice,justice,service
-ing动作的过程,结果:
building,writing,learning
-ion,-ation,-ition,-sion行为的过程,结果,状况:
suggestion,action,solution,invention,direction,correction,collection,instruction,destruction,introduction,congratulation,dictation,invitation,pronunciation,examination,graduation,operation,education,information,translation,starvation,satisfaction,relation,irrigation,determination,preparation,imagination,explanation,opposition,competition,description,decision,division,conclusion,explosion,impression,expression,admission,permission,discussion
-ment行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果:
disappointment,treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument,agreement,government,development,improvement,requirement,astonishment,encouragement-ness性质,状态,程度:
goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness,business,illness,happiness,goodness,willingness,weakness,fairness
-ism主义,学说,信仰,行为:
socialism,criticism,heroism,tourism,communism,Marxism,capitalism
-ship情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业:
hardship,relationship,membership,friendship,seamanship,ownership,scholarship,professorship
-th,性质,状态:
strength,length,width,depth,wealth,truth,growth,warmth,youth
-ure行为,结果:
exposure,pressure,failure,procedure,mixtur,epleasure-craft工艺:
aircraft,needlecraft,woodcraft
c.带有场所,地方的含义:
-age住所,地点:
village,cottage
-ary住所,场地:
library,granary(谷仓),gallery
-ory工作场所,住处:
factory,dormitory,laboratory,observatory
2形容词后缀:
a.带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:
-able,-ible:
movable,comfortable,eatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable,applicable,visible,responsible,terrible,horrible
-al:
natural,additional,educational,national
-ant,-ent:
distant,important,excellent
-ing(表示特征:
令人觉得):
moving,touching,interesting,exciting,disappointing,astonishing,boring,amazing
-ed(表示情绪:
觉得):
pleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited,bored,determined,delighted
-ish:
foolish,bookish,selfish
-ive:
active,impressive,decisive,active,instructive,expensive,progressive
b.表示“相象,类似”的含义:
boyish,childish
-like:
manlike,childlike
-some:
troublesome,handsome,awesome
-y:
milky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy,healthy,wealthy,worthy,bloody,funny,dirty,lucky,noisy,salty,smelly,hilly
-ly:
manly,fatherly,motherly,sisterly,brotherly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,friendly,lonely,orderly,lovely,lively,likely,scholarly
c.表示“充分的”含义:
-ful:
beautiful,wonderful,helpful,successful,harmful,useful,careful,forgetful,merciful
-ous:
dangerous,courageous,nervous,mountainous,humorous,various
d.表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:
-en:
wooden,golden,woolen
e.表示方向的含义:
-ern:
eastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern,northwestern
-ward:
downward,forward
f.表示“数量关系”的含义:
-teen:
thirteen
-ty:
fifty
-th:
fourth,fiftieth
g.表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:
-an:
Roman,European
-ese:
Chinese,Japanese
English,Spanish
h.表示否定:
-less:
countless,stainless(不锈的),wireless,useless,endless,priceless(无价的,贵重的),
i.proof-防的:
-fireproof,bombproof,waterproof,soundproof
3动词后缀:
-ize,ise做成,变成,⋯⋯化:
modernize,democratize,organize,apologize,realize,criticize,fertilize
-en使成为,引起,使有:
quicken,weaken,soften,harden
-fy使⋯⋯化,使成:
beautify,purify,signify,simplify,satisfy
en-:
使成为,引起,使有:
enlargeenableencourageenjoyenrich④副词后缀:
possibly,swiftly,simply
-ward(s):
downward,inwards,upward
-ways:
always,sideways
-wise:
otherwise,clockwise注意:
有的单词有双重后缀,如:
use→useless→uselessness,se→lfselfish→selfishness,carelessness有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:
important→importance→unimportance,success→successful→unsuccessful,regular→irregular→irregularityforget→forgettable→unforgettable,necessar→yunnecessary→unnecessarity
2.合成法
(1)合成名词
3.转化法
(1)名词→动词hand(手→传递)charge(费用→收费)flood(洪水→淹没)paint(油漆→刷漆)pin(别针→装订)face(脸→面对)
boyfriend,girlfriend,bus-driver,necklace,playground,radioactive,headmaster,sunshine,notebook,armchair,wheelchair,postcard,football,spaceship,blackboard,firefighter,fireman,gateman,chairman,weatherman,businessman,armyman,postman,sportsman,bedroom,reading-room,classroom,newspaper,pickpocket,she-goat,editor-in-chief,daybreak,handshake,silkworm,outbreak
(2)合成形容词名词+动词过去分词:
man-made,homemade副词+动词过去分词:
well-known,newly-built,narrowly-escape形容词+名词ed:
kind-hearted,cold-blooded数词+名词ed:
five-storeyed,four-legged名词+动词现在分词:
English-speaking,Chinese-speaking,brainwashing由三个词构成的合成形容词:
face-to-face,heart-to-heart,two-year-old,eight-metre-long其他合成形容词:
everyday,faraway,snow-white,lay-off
back(背部,后面→支持,后退)copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印)heat(热量→加热)phone(电话→打电话)waste(废物→浪费)use(用途→使用)
interest(兴趣→使兴趣)taste(味道→品尝)break(短暂休息→折断)
(2)形容词→动词clean(干净→使干净,打扫)dirty(脏→弄脏)empty(空的→倒空)slow(慢的→放慢)cool(凉的→冷却)
surprise(惊讶→使惊讶)smell(气味→闻)present(礼物→赠送)
clear(清楚→清理)dry(干燥→烘干,晒干)free(自由→使自由,释放)warm(暖和→使暖和)quiet(安静→使安静)
4.截短法(缩略法)
1)截头telephone→pho,neaeroplane→pla,neomnibus→bus
2)去尾
advertisemen→tad.mathematics→math,sco-operate→c-op,
examination→examkilogram→kilo