英语论文中西方饮食文化差异精编版Word格式.docx
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2012年5月
TheDifferencesofDietaryCultures
BetweenChinaandtheWest
ShangqiuNormalUniversity
May2012
摘要
饮食是人们生存的根本,中西方都不例外。
饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分。
随着21世纪全球化进程,跨文化交际日益频繁,其中饮食文化成了东西方文化交流的最基本内容。
但是由于长期以来形成的生活环境、风俗习惯、价值观念的不同,中西方形成了各自不同的饮食文化。
由于饮食文化的不同,中西方人在交流的过程中有时会产生一些误解。
本文主要从中西方饮食观念、烹饪取材、饮食结构、烹饪方式以及上菜顺序等方面来论述中西方饮食文化差异,以促进中西方文化交际的顺利进行。
关键词:
饮食;
饮食文化;
差异
Abstract
Dietisthebaseofliving,withnoexceptioninChinaortheWest.Dietarycultureisanimportantpartofthenationalculture.Withtheentranceofthe21stcentury,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomemoreandmorefrequent,amongwhichdietaryculturehasbeenthemostbasiccontent.However,becauseofthedifferencesinlivingenvironments,customsandvalueconceptsChinaandtheWesthaveformedtheirowndifferentdietarycultures.Asaresult,thereappearssomemisunderstandingssometimesbetweenChineseandtheWesternersintheircommunication.ThispaperwillanalyzethedifferencesofdietaryculturesbetweenChinaandtheWestfromdietaryconcepts,rawmaterials,dietarystructures,cookingpatternsandtheorderofservingdishessoastofacilitatetheefficientcommunicationbetweenChineseandWesterners.
Keywords:
diet;
dietaryculture;
difference
Contents
11Introduction
Withtheentranceofthe21stcenturycross-culturalcommunicationhasbeenamoreandmorepopularactivityevenamongcommonpeople.However,becauseofthedifferencesofareas,environmentsandcustoms,differentnationshaveformedtheirspecificcultures.Amongthefouraspectsofclothing,eating,housingandbehaving,ChinesepeoplehavegotcloserandclosertotheWesternersinotherthreeaspectsexceptineating.ItisonlyintheaspectofeatingthatChinesepeoplehavethebiggestdifferencefromtheWesterners.Dietarycultureisanimportantcomponentofthenationalcultures.Italsoplaysanessentialroleinnon-verbalculturesincross-culturalcommunication.Chinahasalongandrichhistoryonitsdietaryculture.InChinaalmosteverythingiscloselyrelatedtoeating.While,WesterndietarycultureisnotasdevelopedasthatofChinaandWesterncountriesarenotthatparticularaboutcookingasChina.KnowingthedifferencesofdietaryculturesbetweenChinaandtheWestisgoodforEnglishlearnerstohavemorecompleteunderstandingofbotheasternandwesternculturesanditalsoincreasesthechanceofsuccessincross-culturalcommunication,andhelpspeopleavoidunnecessarymisunderstandings.
22TheDifferencesofDietaryCulturesBetweenChinaandtheWest
ThedifferentnationalculturesinChinaandtheWestcontributetothedifferencesofdietaryculturesbetweenthem.Thesedifferencescomefromthedifferentthinkingmethods,environments,customsandsoonbetweenChinaandtheWest.
2.1inDietaryConcepts
AsaChinesesayinggoes,Minyishiweitian(Themassesregardsufficientfoodastheirheaven).ItshowstheimportanceofeatinginthemindofChinesepeople.Chinesepeopletakeagoodmealasapursuitofartofbeauty.ThisevencanbeseenfromTVprograms.InthecartoonZhonghuaXiaodangjia(ALittleChineseChef),whichwasverypopularinChinaabouttenyearsago,Xiaodangjiatreatsgoodmealsashislonglifepursuit.FromthiscartoonpeoplecanfeeltheprofounddietarycultureinChinaandgettoknowvariouskindsoffoodinChina.NowpeoplecanwatchprogramssuchasEverydayCateaboutcookingonTVeveryday.Chinesepeopleareparticularlyinterestedineating.Thepursuitofenjoymentinfoodhasalmostreachedtoaheightthatcannotbehigher.
Peopletrytheirbesttoperfectadishnotonlyfromcolorbutalsofromincense,tasteandshape.ItmeansthatintheeyesofChinesepeople,adishshouldlookbeautiful,smellgoodandtastedelicious.Beautyappearanceisapursuitofbeautyfromavisualaspectanditcontributestoamentalenjoyment.Chinesehavehighdemandoftheappearanceofadinner.Theynotonlystressthebeautyofthefoodbutalsothebeautyoftheenvironmentandthetableware.Variouskindsofbeautyarereconciledinawell-prepareddinner.Thechefsmatchthecolorsoffoodcarefully,suchasthecollocationofthemaincolorsandthesub-colors,andthecollocationofwarmcolorsandcoldcolors.Thismakesthedinnerlookcolorfulandstimulatespeople’sappetite.Atthesametimemanyrawmaterialsareengravedintotheshapesofflower,bird,mountainandhumanwhichareextremelybeautiful.Inaddition,thedietaryenvironmentissometimesfullofakindofelegantandattractivecityambiancesometimesbrimwithaquietandbeautifulruralatmosphere.Forexample,theMexicanRestaurantinBeijingExhibitionCenterisabuildingwithaRussianstyle.TheTengGeLiLaCafeterialookslikeabigMongolianyurt.(Xu2005,68)Besides,thetablewareintheserestaurantsalsolooksperfect.Thesizeofthetablewarematcheswiththeamountoffood,thepatternmatcheswiththeshapeofthefood,andthecolorofthetablewarematcheswiththatofthefood.(Li2011,25)TheappearanceofadinnerisveryimportantbutChinesepeopleregardtasteasthemostimportant.Therefore,itisnowonderthatChinesepeopleareveryinterestedinthetasteofadish.Theytrytoreconciletheflavorofeveryingredienttogetanattractivetaste.(Zhao2003,105)
WhiletheWesternerspaymuchlessattentiontoeatingcomparedwithChinesepeople.LinYutang,afamousChinesewriter,acceptedastricteducationonChineseandWesterncultures.Hehadanincisivediscourseonthewayhowwesternerstreatfood.AccordingtohimEnglishmendonottreatdietasanimportantthing;
onthecontrarytheyregarditasatinybusiness.Thereusedtobenocuisineintheirvocabularybutcooking.Theyhadnoproperwordtonamethechefsbutonlycallthemcooks.Theyoriginallyhadnowordtonameagourmet;
therefore,theyusedgreedyguttotakeitsplace.Westernerspaylittleattentiontotheformandtasteofadishbutfocusmuchmoreonnutrition.Theypaymuchattentiontotheamountofprotein,fat,heat,andvitamin.Theyanalyzewhetherthedishhasanappropriatecollocationofnutrition,whethertheamountofcaloriesismoderate,andwhetherthenutritioncanbefullyabsorbed.(Lin1998,68)Westernersemphasizeontheoriginalflavorandnutritionoffood.Therefore,theyadoptfreshrawmaterialsandtrytokeeptheiroriginalnutritionandtasteasmuchaspossiblewhentheycookthem.Eventhoughthedishesarebittertoeattheywilleatthemprovidedtheycontainlotsofnutrition.
2.2intheUseofRawMaterials
ChinesepeoplehaveawideinterestineatingsotheyusemorekindsofrawmaterialsincookingcomparedwithWesterners.Thereisasayingthatthingsintheairexceptplane,thingsinthewaterexceptsubmarinesandthingswithfourlegsexceptbenchesareallChinesepeople’sfood.Thissayingisnottotallyinaccordancewiththerealitybutitisnotfarawayfromthetruth.(Lu2002,96)Therewasacaseofkillingpandasinthe1980sinSichuanprovince.Whenthepolicemenreachedthehomeofthesuspect,pandameatwasbeingstewedinhispotandthispotofmeatwasperhapsthemostexpensivemeatintheworld.Chinesepeoplenotonlyeatthosethatflyintheair,swiminthewaterandthosethatrunonthegroundbutalsoeateverypartofthem,fromtoptotoeandfromtheoutsidetotheinside.EventraditionalChinesemedicinalmaterialscanbeseveredonthedinnertablewiththenamemedicinalfood,suchasStewedBlack-bonedChickenwithChineseHerbs.(Yang2004,36)
Intheaspectofeating,Westernerslackthespiritofexploration.Theytreateveryfoodtheydonotknowcautiously.ItwassaidthatwhentomatoeswerefirsttransferredfromArabtotheWestnoonedaredtoeatthem.Laterabravepersonriskedhislifetoeatoneandwasstillaliveafteradayandnight.Thenthewesternersacceptedtomatoesgradually.(Li2009,25)Westernershaveanarrowrangeoffood.Whattheyfavorthebestisbeef,chickenandfish.Theyevendonoteatfishwhichlivesintheriver.WesternersseldomeatporkandtheynevereatabdominalorganswhichcanbemadeintodeliciousfoodinChina.TheEuropeanCommunitymadeaclearstipulationmorethantenyearsagothatnoabdominalorgansshouldbemadeintofoodforsale.However,FrenchFatGooseLiverisanexceptionbecauseitistoodeliciousforthegourmetstorefuseit.(Li2003,134)Westernersalsodonoteatanimalskinbecauseitishighincholesterol.Chinaexportsfrozenchickenbutimportschickensfeetatthesametime.Chickenfeetcontainonlybonesexceptskin.ThewesternersdonoteatthemsotheysellthemtoChineseinalowprice.ChinesepeoplegiveabeautifulnametochickenfootthatisFengzhua(phoenixfoot).SongMeilinglivedupto103yearsoldandshelovedchickenfeetthebestduringherlife-time.(Yang2004,36)
2.3inDietaryStructures
Chinesedietarycultureisrootedintheagriculturaleconomy.Chinahasbeenagreatagriculturalcountrysincetheancient.Chinese’smainfoodismainlymadeofriceandwheat.Besides,millet,maize,kaoliang,potatoesandsweetpotatoesalsooccupyaproportionintheirmainfood.Lotsoffoodwhichmadeoffloursuchassteambuns,noodles,clayovenrolls,andfriedbreadstick;
allkindsofporridge,piesandsnackscontributemuchtopeople’scolorfullife.(Xue2001,253)Chinesepeopledonoteatmeateveryday.Onlywhenholidaycomesorwhenpeoplehaveahighlevellivingconditiondotheyeatsomemeat.AccordingtoWesterninvestigators,thevegetablesChinesepeopleeataremorethan600kindssixtimesthanthoseof