英语国家社会与文化入门(第三版)下册名词解释.doc

英语国家社会与文化入门(第三版)下册名词解释.doc

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1、thefirstEnglishpermanentsettlement

wasorganizedin1607bytheLondonCompanywithacharterfromtheEnglishKJing.ThecolonistssettledinVirginiaandsurvivedbyimposingstrictdisciplineonthemselvesandbytransplantingtobaccointothecolonyofVirginia.In1619,thesettlerselectedtheirdelegatesandsetuptheHouseofBurgesses,andthesametimetheyboughtandenslavedblackservants.ThesetwoeventsgreatlyinfluencedthepoliticalandsocialdebelopmentoftheUniteStateslater

2、Puritans

werethosewhofollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChuurchofEngland.TheybelievethathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod'schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod'selectwasthesuccessinhisoorkortheprosperityinhiscalling.TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod'swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.

3、GeorgeWashington

wasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HewastheCommander-in-chiefoftheContinentalAemyintheWarofIndependenceagainsttheBritishcolonialruleandthefirstPresidentoftheUS

4、BenjaminFranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.HeparticipatedinwritingthedeclarationofindependenceandmakingtheUSConstitution

5、TheDeclarationofIndependencewasmainlydraftedbyTomasJeffersonandadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776,whenthepeopleof13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromtheBritishcolonialrule.Thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalineablerightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernment:

thepowerofgovernmentcamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmentsweretosecuretherightsmentionedabove.ThetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheAmenricanRevolutionmainlycamefromJohnLocke

6．TheArticlesofConfederation:

AftertheWarofIndependencewaswon,thenewnationoftheUnitedStateswasorganizedundertheagreementoftheArticlesofConfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledtheCongress.Eachstatehaditsowngovernment,madeitsownlawsandhandleditsinternalaffairs.ThestatesdidnotcooperatewiththeCongressandwitheachother.TheCongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandtheCongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.Asaresult,theArticlesofConfederationfailed.

7．Federalsystem:

Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.

8.themakingoftheU.SConstitutionTheArticlesofConfederationfailed.TheCongressdecidedtoholdaconstitutionalconventiontorevisetheArticlesofConfederation.Thedelegatesfrom12states（RhodeIslandrefusedtoparticipated）gatheredinPhiladelphiain1787andendupinwritinganewconstitutionandsetafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.TheConstitutionprovidedthatanelectionofthepresidentwouldbecalledfor,federallawswouldbemadeonlybyaCongressmadeupoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenateandaSupremeCourtwouldbesetup.ThisnewConstitutionwasfinallyapprovedbythemajorityofthecitizensinover9ofthe13statesandwasofficiallyputintoeffectin1787.

9.Theexecutivebranchisthepresident,whoiselectedtoafour-yearterm.Apresidentcanbeelectedtoonlytwotermsaccordingtoanamendmentpassedin1951.Thepresidentcanappointfederaljudgesasvacanciesoccur.Heisthecommanderinchiefofthearmedforces.Thepresidenthasotherbroadauthoritiesinrunningthegovernmentdepartmentsandhandlingforeignrelations.

10.TheBillofRightsconsistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheBillofRightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.

11.EliWhitneyisanAmericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin,whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.Healsobeganmanufacturingrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchangeablepart.ThiscontributedtotheAmericansystemofmassproduction.

12.SamuelSlaterIn1793,SamuelSlaterbuiltthefirstfactoryintheU.S---acottonclothfactoryinPawtucket,RhodeIsland.Hebuiltthefactoryfrommemory,becauseitwasacrimetocarryfactoryplantoutofEngland.ThesuccessofhisfactorystartedaprocessofchangethatturnedthenortheasternregionoftheUnitedStatesintoanimportantmanufacturingcenterandh