英国文学史简答题Word格式文档下载.docx

英国文学史简答题Word格式文档下载.docx

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Shakespearesonnet.

Italiansonnet:

anoctaveandasestet;

rhymeschemeisabbaabbacdecde

Shakespearesonnet:

3quatrainsandaconcludingcouplet;

rhymeschemeisababbcbccdcdee.

3.Blankverse:

•Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.

•TheverseformusedinsomeofthegreatestEnglishpoetry,includingthatofW.ShakespeareandJohnMilton.

ThemajorachievementsinEnglishblankverseweremadebyWilliamShakespeare,whowrotemuchofthecontentofhisplaysinunrhymediambicpentameter,

Milton,whoseParadiseLostiswritteninblankverse.

4.Dramaticmonologue

Dramaticmonologuedoesnotdesignateacomponentinaplay,butatypeoflyricpoemthatwasperfectedbyRobertBrowning.Initsfullestform,thedramaticmonologuehasthefollowingfeatures:

（1）asingleperson,whoispatentlynotthepoet,uttersthespeechthatmakesupthewholeofthepoem,inaspecificsituationatacriticalmoment;

☐

（2）thispersonaddressesandinteractswithoneormoreotherpeople;

butweknowoftheauditors’presence,andwhattheysayanddo,onlyfromcluesinthediscourseofthesinglespeaker;

（3）themainprinciplecontrollingthepoet’sformulationofwhatthelyricspeakersaysistorevealtothereader,inawaythatenhancesitsinterest,thespeaker’stemperamentandcharacter.

5.Shakespear的写作时期和特点

⏹A.TheComediesoftheFirstPeriod

⏹（a）theKey-NoteoftheComedies:

WhenShakespearewrotethesecomedies,hewasstillyoung.Inthemheportrayedyoungpeoplejustfreedfromthefeudalfetters.Hesangoftheiryouth,loveandidealsofhappiness.Thevictoryoftheirhumanistidealisinevitable,thoughitistobeattainedonlyafterseverestruggleagainstallobstacles.

⏹Theheroesandheroinesfightagainstdestinyitselfandmouldtheirownfateaccordingtotheirownfreewill.AsbecomesthesonsanddaughtersoftheRenaissance,theytrustnotinGodorKingbutinthemselves,andtheireffortsandgoodfaitharecrownedwithsuccess.Thegeneralspiritofthesecomediesisoptimism.

⏹（b）theHeroines:

Thesecomediesshow,indifferentways,Shakespeare’srespectforthedignity,honesty,wit,courage,determinationandresourcefulnessofwomen.TheidealwomenofShakespeare’scomediesisbestexemplifiedinthebrilliantpictureofPortiainTheMerchantofVenice–PortiaisawomanoftheRenaissance:

beautiful,prudent,cultured,courteousandcapableofrisingtoanemergency.Shakespeare’sheroinesareofanewtype.

⏹Theyarewitty,bold,loving,optimisticandfaithful.Theyarehappyandmakeothershappy.Theycarrytheirdestinieswiththemandinspeakingandthinkingaswellasinfeelingaremen’sequalsorevensuperiors.Inaword,theyarethedaughtersoftheRenaissance.

TheTragediesoftheSecondPeriod

⏹Ineachofthesetragedies,thefatalweaknessofcharacterandthetragiccourseofeventstogetherleadagreatmantoruin.InHamlet,whichisconsideredthesummitofShakespeare’sart,Hamlet’stragicweaknessishesitation,inabilitytoactwhenactionisneeded.Heistoomuchofathinker.

InKingLear,weseeanoldkingthrownoutofhishomebytwowickeddaughters,andtreatedsobadlythathegoesmadanddies.ItisperhapsShakespeare’sgreatestwork,reachingintothedeepestplacesofthehumanspirit.KingLear’sweaknessishisopennesstoflattery.

⏹Hegiveshiskingdomtothetwoevildaughterswhoflatterhim,andnothingtotheyoungestgirl,whotellsthetruthbutloveshimbest.InMacbeth,theheroandhiswife,LadyMacbeth,areruinedbytheirunhealthyambitionanddesireforpower.InOthello,thehero’sunquestioningjealousyprovestobegreatweakness,evenifitcomesfromamindtoonobletodoubtevilsuggestions.

3.传奇剧时期（1609-1612）

•封建王朝专制加剧，压制言论自由。

戏剧界出现迎合宫廷贵族趣味的倾向，伦敦大众化剧场的全盛时代已成过去。

•莎士比亚创作特征是调和现实矛盾，转向梦幻世界。

•主要成就：

传奇剧，充满浪漫情调，富有传奇色彩，宣扬宽恕和解。

代表作《暴风雨》。

6.Couplet

•Linesofiambicpentameterwhichrhymeinpairs:

aa,bb,cc,andsoon.ThisverseformwasintroducedintoEnglishpoetrybyChaucer,andhasbeeninconstantuseeversince.

7.Ballads

Itisasong,transmittedorally,whichtellsastory.Balladsarethusthenarrativespeciesoffolksongs,whichoriginate,andarecommunicatedorally,amongilliterateoronlypartlyliteratepeople.

•Theballadshaveavarietyofthemes:

thestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudalfamilies,theconflictbetweenloveandwealth,thecrueleffectofjealousy,

•theRobinHoodballads.RobinHood,alegendarypopularhero,isdepictedintheballadsasavaliantoutlaw,skilledinarchery,livingunderthegreenwoodtreewithhismerrymen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor,wagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishops,andconstantlyhuntedbythesheriffs,whomhealwaysoutwits.

8.Renaissance

Theriseofthebourgeoisiesoonshoweditsinfluenceinthesphereofculturallife.TheresultisanintellectualmovementknownastheRenaissance,

9.Humanism

PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworld.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarose,whogaveexpressiontothenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement,afeelinginsharpcontrastwithmedievaltheology.HencearoseHumanism.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.

10.FeaturesofElizabethanPoetry

1.Theperiodhasthegreatvarietyofalmostunlimitedcreativeforce;

itincludesworksofmanykindsinbothverseandprose,andrangesinspiritfromtheloftiestPlatonicidealismorthemostdelightfulromancetothelevelofveryrepulsiverealism.

v2.Itwasmainlydominated,however,bythespiritofromance.

v3.Itwasfullalsoofthespiritofdramaticaction,asbefittedanagewhoserestlessenterprisewaseagerlyextendingitselftoeveryquarteroftheglobe.

v4.Instyleitoftenexhibitsromanticluxuriance,whichsometimestakestheformofelaborateaffectationsofwhichthefavorite'

conceit'

isonlythemostapparent

v5.Itwasinpartaperiodofexperimentation,whenthepropermaterialandlimitsofliteraryformswerebeingdetermined.

v6.ItcontinuedtobelargelyinfluencedbytheliteratureofItaly,andtoalessdegreebythoseofFranceandSpain.

20、FeaturesofRomanticWriting

1）TheRomanticists'

ownaspirationandidealsareinsharpcontrasttothecommonsordiddailylifeundercapitalism.Theirwritingsarefilledwithstrong-willedheroesoreventitanicimages,formidableeventsandtragicsituations,powerfulconflictingpassionsandexoticpictures.Sometimestheyresortedtosymbolicmethods,withtheactiveromanticists,symbolicpicturesrepresentavagueidealofsomefuturesociety;

whilewiththepassiveromanticists,thesepicturesoftentakeonamysticcolour.

2）Theromanticistspaidgreatattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman.Personifiednatureplaysanimportantroleinthepagesoftheirworks.Terror,passion,andtheSublime（anideaassociatedwithreligiousawe,vastness,naturalmagnificence,andstrongemotionwhichfascinated18th-cent.literarycriticsandaestheticians）areessentialconceptsinearlyRomanticism.

3）ThestylistickeynoteofRomanticismisintensity,anditswatchwordis'

Imagination'

.Rememberedchildhood,unrequitedlove,andtheexiledherowereconstantthemes.

4）Romanticismexpressedanunendingrevoltagainstclassicalform,conservativemorality,authoritariangovernment,personalinsincerity,andhumanmoderation.TheRomanticssawandfeltthingsbrilliantlyafresh.Theyvirtuallyinventedcertainlandscapes—theLakes,theAlps,thebaysofItaly.

5）ThesecondgenerationofRomanticistsabsorbedthesetumultuousinfluences,wroteswiftly,travelledwidely（Greece,Switzerland,Italy）,anddiedprematurely:

theirlife-storiesandlettersbecamealmostasimportantforRomanticismastheirpoetry.

4、Metricalpattern（定义）

Thisisalyricpoemoffive14-linedstanzascontainingfourtercets（三行押韵诗句）andaclosingcouplet.

Therhymeschemeisababcbcdcdedee.

Thepoemiswrittenintheterzarimaform.TheterzarimaisanItalianmeasurefirstusedbyDanteinhiswell-knownpoemLaDivinaCommedi（DivineComedy）

4）Romanticismexpressedanunendingrevoltagainstclassicalform,conservativemorality,authoritariangovernment,personalinsincerity,andhumanmoderation.TheRomanticssawandfeltthi