英国文学史简答题Word格式文档下载.docx
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Shakespearesonnet.
Italiansonnet:
anoctaveandasestet;
rhymeschemeisabbaabbacdecde
Shakespearesonnet:
3quatrainsandaconcludingcouplet;
rhymeschemeisababbcbccdcdee.
3.Blankverse:
•Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.
•TheverseformusedinsomeofthegreatestEnglishpoetry,includingthatofW.ShakespeareandJohnMilton.
ThemajorachievementsinEnglishblankverseweremadebyWilliamShakespeare,whowrotemuchofthecontentofhisplaysinunrhymediambicpentameter,
Milton,whoseParadiseLostiswritteninblankverse.
4.Dramaticmonologue
Dramaticmonologuedoesnotdesignateacomponentinaplay,butatypeoflyricpoemthatwasperfectedbyRobertBrowning.Initsfullestform,thedramaticmonologuehasthefollowingfeatures:
(1)asingleperson,whoispatentlynotthepoet,uttersthespeechthatmakesupthewholeofthepoem,inaspecificsituationatacriticalmoment;
☐
(2)thispersonaddressesandinteractswithoneormoreotherpeople;
butweknowoftheauditors’presence,andwhattheysayanddo,onlyfromcluesinthediscourseofthesinglespeaker;
(3)themainprinciplecontrollingthepoet’sformulationofwhatthelyricspeakersaysistorevealtothereader,inawaythatenhancesitsinterest,thespeaker’stemperamentandcharacter.
5.Shakespear的写作时期和特点
⏹A.TheComediesoftheFirstPeriod
⏹(a)theKey-NoteoftheComedies:
WhenShakespearewrotethesecomedies,hewasstillyoung.Inthemheportrayedyoungpeoplejustfreedfromthefeudalfetters.Hesangoftheiryouth,loveandidealsofhappiness.Thevictoryoftheirhumanistidealisinevitable,thoughitistobeattainedonlyafterseverestruggleagainstallobstacles.
⏹Theheroesandheroinesfightagainstdestinyitselfandmouldtheirownfateaccordingtotheirownfreewill.AsbecomesthesonsanddaughtersoftheRenaissance,theytrustnotinGodorKingbutinthemselves,andtheireffortsandgoodfaitharecrownedwithsuccess.Thegeneralspiritofthesecomediesisoptimism.
⏹(b)theHeroines:
Thesecomediesshow,indifferentways,Shakespeare’srespectforthedignity,honesty,wit,courage,determinationandresourcefulnessofwomen.TheidealwomenofShakespeare’scomediesisbestexemplifiedinthebrilliantpictureofPortiainTheMerchantofVenice–PortiaisawomanoftheRenaissance:
beautiful,prudent,cultured,courteousandcapableofrisingtoanemergency.Shakespeare’sheroinesareofanewtype.
⏹Theyarewitty,bold,loving,optimisticandfaithful.Theyarehappyandmakeothershappy.Theycarrytheirdestinieswiththemandinspeakingandthinkingaswellasinfeelingaremen’sequalsorevensuperiors.Inaword,theyarethedaughtersoftheRenaissance.
TheTragediesoftheSecondPeriod
⏹Ineachofthesetragedies,thefatalweaknessofcharacterandthetragiccourseofeventstogetherleadagreatmantoruin.InHamlet,whichisconsideredthesummitofShakespeare’sart,Hamlet’stragicweaknessishesitation,inabilitytoactwhenactionisneeded.Heistoomuchofathinker.
InKingLear,weseeanoldkingthrownoutofhishomebytwowickeddaughters,andtreatedsobadlythathegoesmadanddies.ItisperhapsShakespeare’sgreatestwork,reachingintothedeepestplacesofthehumanspirit.KingLear’sweaknessishisopennesstoflattery.
⏹Hegiveshiskingdomtothetwoevildaughterswhoflatterhim,andnothingtotheyoungestgirl,whotellsthetruthbutloveshimbest.InMacbeth,theheroandhiswife,LadyMacbeth,areruinedbytheirunhealthyambitionanddesireforpower.InOthello,thehero’sunquestioningjealousyprovestobegreatweakness,evenifitcomesfromamindtoonobletodoubtevilsuggestions.
3.传奇剧时期(1609-1612)
•封建王朝专制加剧,压制言论自由。
戏剧界出现迎合宫廷贵族趣味的倾向,伦敦大众化剧场的全盛时代已成过去。
•莎士比亚创作特征是调和现实矛盾,转向梦幻世界。
•主要成就:
传奇剧,充满浪漫情调,富有传奇色彩,宣扬宽恕和解。
代表作《暴风雨》。
6.Couplet
•Linesofiambicpentameterwhichrhymeinpairs:
aa,bb,cc,andsoon.ThisverseformwasintroducedintoEnglishpoetrybyChaucer,andhasbeeninconstantuseeversince.
7.Ballads
Itisasong,transmittedorally,whichtellsastory.Balladsarethusthenarrativespeciesoffolksongs,whichoriginate,andarecommunicatedorally,amongilliterateoronlypartlyliteratepeople.
•Theballadshaveavarietyofthemes:
thestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudalfamilies,theconflictbetweenloveandwealth,thecrueleffectofjealousy,
•theRobinHoodballads.RobinHood,alegendarypopularhero,isdepictedintheballadsasavaliantoutlaw,skilledinarchery,livingunderthegreenwoodtreewithhismerrymen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor,wagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishops,andconstantlyhuntedbythesheriffs,whomhealwaysoutwits.
8.Renaissance
Theriseofthebourgeoisiesoonshoweditsinfluenceinthesphereofculturallife.TheresultisanintellectualmovementknownastheRenaissance,
9.Humanism
PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworld.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarose,whogaveexpressiontothenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement,afeelinginsharpcontrastwithmedievaltheology.HencearoseHumanism.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.
10.FeaturesofElizabethanPoetry
1.Theperiodhasthegreatvarietyofalmostunlimitedcreativeforce;
itincludesworksofmanykindsinbothverseandprose,andrangesinspiritfromtheloftiestPlatonicidealismorthemostdelightfulromancetothelevelofveryrepulsiverealism.
v2.Itwasmainlydominated,however,bythespiritofromance.
v3.Itwasfullalsoofthespiritofdramaticaction,asbefittedanagewhoserestlessenterprisewaseagerlyextendingitselftoeveryquarteroftheglobe.
v4.Instyleitoftenexhibitsromanticluxuriance,whichsometimestakestheformofelaborateaffectationsofwhichthefavorite'
conceit'
isonlythemostapparent
v5.Itwasinpartaperiodofexperimentation,whenthepropermaterialandlimitsofliteraryformswerebeingdetermined.
v6.ItcontinuedtobelargelyinfluencedbytheliteratureofItaly,andtoalessdegreebythoseofFranceandSpain.
20、FeaturesofRomanticWriting
1)TheRomanticists'
ownaspirationandidealsareinsharpcontrasttothecommonsordiddailylifeundercapitalism.Theirwritingsarefilledwithstrong-willedheroesoreventitanicimages,formidableeventsandtragicsituations,powerfulconflictingpassionsandexoticpictures.Sometimestheyresortedtosymbolicmethods,withtheactiveromanticists,symbolicpicturesrepresentavagueidealofsomefuturesociety;
whilewiththepassiveromanticists,thesepicturesoftentakeonamysticcolour.
2)Theromanticistspaidgreatattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman.Personifiednatureplaysanimportantroleinthepagesoftheirworks.Terror,passion,andtheSublime(anideaassociatedwithreligiousawe,vastness,naturalmagnificence,andstrongemotionwhichfascinated18th-cent.literarycriticsandaestheticians)areessentialconceptsinearlyRomanticism.
3)ThestylistickeynoteofRomanticismisintensity,anditswatchwordis'
Imagination'
.Rememberedchildhood,unrequitedlove,andtheexiledherowereconstantthemes.
4)Romanticismexpressedanunendingrevoltagainstclassicalform,conservativemorality,authoritariangovernment,personalinsincerity,andhumanmoderation.TheRomanticssawandfeltthingsbrilliantlyafresh.Theyvirtuallyinventedcertainlandscapes—theLakes,theAlps,thebaysofItaly.
5)ThesecondgenerationofRomanticistsabsorbedthesetumultuousinfluences,wroteswiftly,travelledwidely(Greece,Switzerland,Italy),anddiedprematurely:
theirlife-storiesandlettersbecamealmostasimportantforRomanticismastheirpoetry.
4、Metricalpattern(定义)
Thisisalyricpoemoffive14-linedstanzascontainingfourtercets(三行押韵诗句)andaclosingcouplet.
Therhymeschemeisababcbcdcdedee.
Thepoemiswrittenintheterzarimaform.TheterzarimaisanItalianmeasurefirstusedbyDanteinhiswell-knownpoemLaDivinaCommedi(DivineComedy)
4)Romanticismexpressedanunendingrevoltagainstclassicalform,conservativemorality,authoritariangovernment,personalinsincerity,andhumanmoderation.TheRomanticssawandfeltthi