可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译Word格式.docx

可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译Word格式.docx

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Sustainabledevelopmentandgroundwaterresourcesexploitation

出处：

EnvironmentalGeology34（2/3）May1998.Springer-Verlag

作者：

F.Villarroya.C.R.Aldwell

Sustainabledevelopmentandgroundwaterresourcesexploitation

Abstract.Inevaluatinggroundwaterdevelopmentboththepositiveandnegativeeffectsmustbeconsidered;

otherwisebiasedconclusionsmaybereached.Onlywithequalconcernfortheneedsofpresentandfuturegenerations,fairexchangeoftechnologybetweencountriesanduserinvolvementcansustainablegroundwaterdevelopmentbeachieved.Examinationoftheuseofthetermaquiferoverexploitationshowsthatthereisnoagreementonasingledefinition.Inmostcasesitrelatestotheoveruseofaquifers,butinothercasesitisaplannedoveruse.InSpain,overexploitationisdealtwithinthewateractandimplementedbytheregulationsthatenforcethatact.Experiencehasshownthatwithoutthecooperationofthewaterusersthemselves,goodresultsarenotobtained.Relevanteducationisurgentlyneededforthepublicandthosedecisionmakersresponsiblefordeterminingthecorrectuseofgroundwaterresourcesforthepresentandfuturegenerations.

KeywordsGroundwaterdevelopment,Aquiferoverexploitation

Arefuturegroundwaterresourcesatrisk?

Toanswerthequestionwhetherfuturegroundwaterresourcesareatrisk,itisnecessarytostudyboththequantityandqualityaspectsofgroundwater.Water（surfaceandgroundwater）isoneofthemostpervasivesubstancesonEarth.Thetotalvolumeofallwaterisabout1400millionkm3,butonly2%isfreshwater.Thecurrentrateofwithdrawalisabout3500km3/year,some2100km3forconsumptiveuse,while1400km3ofwastewaterisreturnedtorivers.Groundwaterwithdrawals（percentbysectors）are:

domestic,industryandagriculture（Shiklomanov1991）.Margat（1991）stressedtheneedtoimprovewaterevaluationstudiesandquantifiedtheamountofgroundwaterpumpageuseinvariouscountries.Hislistplacesthefirstfifteencountriesasfollows（inkm3peryear）:

India150,USA101,China74.6,USSR（former）45,Pakistan45,Iran29,Mexico23,Japan13.1,Italy12.1,Germany9.5,SaudiArabia7.4,France7,Spain6.3,Turkey5andMadagascar4.9.

Themainthreattogroundwatertodayisfrompointanddiffusesourcepollution.Thereforegroundwaterqualityprotectionisthekeyissueofgroundwaterresourcespolicyintheindustrializedcountries.Therearemanysourcesofrisktogroundwater,asdiscussedintheseminarongroundwaterfortheEUcountries.RIVMandRIZA（1991）summarizetheproblemsandthreatstogroundwaterresources.ThecurrentpracticesinalltheEUcountriesleadtoanon-sustainableuseofgroundwatersystems.ThedramaticDublinStatementemphasizestheunsustainableuseofgroundwater:

“Humanhealthandwelfare,foodsecurity,industrialdevelopmentandtheecosystemsonwhichtheydepend,areallatrisk,unlesswaterandlandresourcesaremanagedmoreeffectivelyinthepresentdecadeandbeyondthantheyhavebeeninthepast”.

Groundwaterresourcesexploitationandsustainabledevelopment

Whatdoessustainabledevelopmentmean?

Infact,weareaskingifweareusingwiselytheresourcesneededforourlife-supportsystem.

ThegeneralconclusionoftheseminarofministersoftheEnvironmentoftheEUcountries,wasthatinmanycountriessustainableuseofgroundwaterfordrinkingandother（industrial,ecological,etc.）functionsisbeingthreatened,especiallyintheagriculturalandindustrialcoreregionsoftheEU.

Sustainabledevelopmentmustsatisfypresentneedswithoutjeopardizingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstosatisfytheirs.Overexploitationmaytakeplaceduringaperiodtoallowbetteruseofotherresources,orwhileothertechnologiesdevelop.Uncontrolledaquiferdevelopmenteasilyleadstoextensiveaquiferexploitationandeventosevereformsofoverexploitation.

Aquiferexploitationandsustainabledevelopment

Margat（1993）speaksofMalthusianunderexploitationinthecaseofinadequateuseofanaquifer.IntheopinionofCustodio（1993）,“intensiveaquiferexploitationisasourceofwealth,whichfostersregionaldevelopmentandhelpstoguaranteeasupplyuntilotherwatersourcescanbeeconomicallydeveloped”.

Groundwateroverexploitationhasaseriesofnegativeconsequences,suchasincreasingwatercost,environmentalchanges（affectsonwetlands,salinityproblems,etc）,reductionofotherwatersourcesalreadyinuse,watersalinizationandimpairmentofquality.Thenetresult,however,maybeeithernegativeorpositive.Positiveresultsdominateataregionallevel,butnegativeresultsare“newsthattriggeralarmbellsandMalthusianforecstsmundertheheadingofoverexploitation”（Custodio1993）.Ontheotherhand,intensiveexploitationoroverdraftaremainlypointsofview,referringtotheconsequencesofintensivegroundwateruse,asperceivedbyenvironmentalists,thenewsmediaandthepublicingeneral,andplaceemphasisontheadverseordetrimentalaspects.

Therefore,inordertoevaluategroundwaterexploitation,notonlynegativeeffectsbutalsopositiveoneshavetobeconsidered:

“otherwiseabiasedappraisalmaybereached.Normally,practiceshowsusthatbeneficialaspectsdominateoverdetrimentalonesinmostpracticalsituations”（Custodio1993）.Accordingtothislastauthor,themostseriouscauseofaquiferexploitationisignoranceofwhatishappening,andnegligenceinproducingthedataneededtoevaluatethehydrogeologicalandeconomicsituationcorrectly.Anotherharmfuleffectistheirresponsibleoverreactionofwaterauthorities,especiallywhentheyarepoorlyinformedorlackthescientificandtechnicalskillstoevaluatecurrentproblemscorrectly.

Themostimportantactionistosolveproblemsastheyappearandnotwastetimeandenergyindefiningterms.Anyexploitationofwaterresourcesthatisnotmanagedinanintegratedway,takingintoaccounttheneedsofthepresentandfuturegenerations,putstheseresourcesatrisk.Suchdevelopmentthereforeisnotsustainable.

RegulatoryissuesrelatedtoaquiferoverexploitationAquiferoverexploitation

Theintroductionlistsseveralrecentconferenceswhichhavehighlightedoverexploitationofaquifers.Withintheconferenceproceedings,thereisnosingleagreeddefinitionofoverexploitation.SpanishLegislation（RoyalDecree849/1986）definesitinarticle171.2inthefollowingterms:

“Anaquifershallbeconsideredtobeoverexploited,orindangerthereof,ifthereservesexistingthereinarebeingplacedinimmediatedangerasaresultofannualwithdrawalsthatareinexcessof,orverycloseto,thevolumeoftheaverageannualrecharge（renewableresource）orwhichgiverisetoseriousdeteriorationinthequalityofthewater”.

AccordingtoDijonandCustodio（1992）,exceedingthelimitsofarenewableresourceisnotnecessarilyoverexploitation.Conversely,stayingwithinthelimitsofthesamedoesnotnecessarilyimplythatallundesirableeffectsarebeingavoidedandthebeneficialeffectsenhanced.

Llamas（1992）suggestseithertheeliminationoraveryrestricteduseoftheterm.Inbrief,hedefinesoverexploitation“sensustricto”asallextractionofgroundwaterwhichhaseffects（physical,chemical,economic,ecologicalorsocial）whicharenegativeforhumanlife,noworinthefuture.Thistypeofoverexploitationshouldbeavoidedformoralreasons.Forexploitationbasedontheextractionofwatergreaterthantheaveragerechargeoftheaquiferhesuggeststheterm“overexploitationsensulato”.

Inthepaperspresentedatthe23rdInternationalCongressofIAH,itwasstatedthatinmanycases,overexploitationissynonymouswithinefficientexploitationofanaquifer（Villarroya1994;

VillarroyaandRebollo1993）.Duringthiscongressnumerousexamplesof“excessiveexploitation”（Custodio1991）fromallovertheworldwerepresented,andasummarycanbefoundinDijonandCustodio（1992）.

Howcanalackofwaterresourcesaffectland-useplanning?

Asalreadydescribed,theoverexploitationofanaquiferhasamarkedinfluenceontheplanningandusesofland.Waterusers’associationswillplayaveryimportantroleinregulatingtheexploitationofnaturalresourcesingeneral,andespeciallyofwaterresources.TheparticipationofcitizensthroughNGOssuchasthewaterusers’associationshasbeenshowntobeveryeffectiveand,onmanyoccasions,hasalleviatedseriousproblemsconcerningtheexploitationofthewaterresourcesofaregion.Theassociationshavealsobeenshowntobeeffectiveaswatchdogstoensurethatrestrictionsandregulationsarebeingcompliedwith.Inthissensewaterauthoritiesshouldtreatthemasalliesandnotopponents.

Insomesituationsgroundwaterhasanstrategicroleataninternationallevel.Someauthorsemphasizetheimportantrolegroundwatercanplayinsecuringatleastatemporallyindependentsupply.Goodexamplesofthistypeofsupplyarefoundinthenear-easterncountries.Margat（1992）,distinguishedthreetypesofsituation:

1.Countrieswithrenewableresources（thereforeindependentofothers）:

Lebanon,Yemen,TheCisjordanandMagrebstates.

2.Countrieswithoutrenewableresourceswhichminewater;

theArabEmirates,Qatar,Oman,SyriaandSaudiArabia.Soonerorlater,theywillbecomedependentonotherstates.

3.Countrieswhichdependheavilyonothersforwater;

Egypt,Sudan,Syria,Iraq,IsraelandJordan.Margatforeseesafutureof“exchangingwaterforoil”betweenthesenear-easterncountries,andtheestablishmentofnewrelationsforcedbylackofwater.Shamir（1993）goesevenfurtherandconsiderswatertobeanextremelyimportantfactorinpeacenegotiatio