语言学导论课件Word文档格式.docx
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*compounds:
rainbowbittersweetpickpocket
*pictograph（象形文字）/hieroglyph（象形符号）
休从北
⏹Arbitrarinessandconvention
●productivity/creativity（创造性）:
Wecanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentenceswehaveneverheardbefore.
Wecancreateendlesssentences.
e.g.Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho…
●dualityofstructure（结构的二重性）:
Humanlanguageisasystemconsistingoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels.
thehigherlevel:
astructureofmeaningfulunits（morphemesorwords）
thelowerlevel:
astructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves
e.g.pencake
[p][e][n][k][ei][k]
●displacement（不受时空限制的特征）:
Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentorabsent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.
e.g.A:
WhenareyoumovingtoAmerica?
B:
I’mnotsureyet.Maybenextmonth.
●culturaltransmission:
Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.
e.g.thestoryofawolfchild
3.functionsoflanguage
●phatic:
Hello.
Goodmorning.
Lovelyweather,isn’tit?
吃饭了吗?
去哪里呀?
●directive:
Passmethesalt,please.
Don’tdothatanymore.
You’dbetterdoityourself.
●informative:
Waterfreezesat32degreesandboilsat212degreesFahrenheit.
●interrogative:
Whattimeisitnow?
●performative:
e.g.（thechairman）:
NowIdeclarethemeetingopen.
（thejudge）:
Isentenceyouto10yearsinprison.
●expressive:
I’msorrytohearthat.
I’mgladtomeetyou.
Thankyouverymuch!
Congratulations!
●evocative:
Theuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelinginthehearer.Itsaimistoamuse,startle,angerorplease.
e.g.jokes,threat,warning
●metalingual:
Wordslike“I,you,he”arepronouns.
*otherclassifications:
A.descriptivefunction
expressivefunction
socialfunction
B.ideationalfunction概念功能
interpersonalfunction人际功能
textualfunction语篇功能
C.addresser---emotive情感的
addressee---conative意动的
context---referential所指的
message---poetic诗学的
contact---phaticcommunion交感的
code---metalinguistic元语言的
4.theoriginoflanguage
●thedivine-origintheory:
AccordingtoChristianbelief,GodgaveAdamthepowertonameallthings.
“Sohe（God）tooksomesoilfromthegroundandformedalltheanimalsandallthebirds.Thenhebroughtthemtothemantoseewhathewouldnamethem,andthatishowtheygottheirnames.
●theinventiontheory:
Manypeoplethinkthatmaninventedlanguage.
Somepeoplebelievethatlanguageatitsearlieststageconsistedof“criesofnature”.
Otherssuggestthatlanguagearoseoutofthegruntsofmenworkingtogether.
●theevolutionarytheory:
Inthelongprocessofevolution,mengraduallystoodup.Freeuseofthelungsandthevocalcordsmadeitpossibleformentoarticulatesounds.
Somebelievethatitislaborthatcreatedthenecessityforlanguage.
（2）aboutlinguistics
Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.
Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisusuallyreferredtoasalinguist.
1.mainbranchesoflinguistics
phonetics,phonology
morphology
syntax
semantics
pragmatics
stylistics
sociolinguistics
neurolinguistics
psycholinguistics
appliedlinguistics
computationallinguistics
2.someimportantdistinctions:
●descriptive（描述性的）vs.prescriptive（规定性的）:
Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;
ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
PeoplesayX.
Don’tsayX,sayY.
●synchronic（共时的）vs.diachronic（历时的）:
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.
OldEnglishs
MiddleEnglishs
ModernEnglishsd
●langue（语言系统）andparole（言语）（Saussure）
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
●competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言运用）（Chomsky）
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
●traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:
1.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.
2.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.
3.ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.
Chapter2Phonology
Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.
phonetics（语音学）---thesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription
speechsounds---soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication
（1）threebranchesofphonetics:
●Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）studieshowspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.
●Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）studieshowsoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
●Acousticphonetics（声学语音学）studiesthephysicalpropertiesofsounds.
（2）articulatoryphonetics:
1）speechorgans:
1.threeimportantareas:
thepharyngealcavity（thepharynx/throat）
theoralcavity（themouth）
thenasalcavity（thenose）
2.thethroat:
glottis（声门）
vocalcords（声带）
larynx---Adam’sapple
3.themouth:
lips
tongue
teeth
teethridge（alveolous）
hardpalate（硬腭）
softpalate（velum软腭）
uvula
IPA:
theInternationalPhoneticAlphabet
2）narrowtranscriptionandbroadtranscription:
Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyandtheotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics（变音符号）.Theformeriscalledbroadtranscription（宽式标音）,whichisnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.Thelatteriscallednarrowtranscription（严式标音）.
e.g.narrowbroad
pit/pHit//pit/
speak/sp=i:
k//spi:
k/
feel/fi:
É
//fi:
l/
3）somemajorarticulatoryvariables:
voicing:
voiced/voiceless
e.g.[l,r,m,i:
]/[f,p,k]
nasality:
nasal/nonnasal
e.g.[m,n,ŋ]/[s,z,v,f]
aspiration:
aspirated/unaspirated
e.g.[p,t,k]/[b,d,g]
pit（stronglyaspirated）
tip（weaklyaspirated）
sports,steel（unaspirated）
（3）classificationofEnglishspeechsounds:
consonants（辅音）andvowels（元音）
1）classificationofEnglishconsonants:
1.intermsofmannerofarticulation:
stops爆破音:
[p,b,t,d,k,g]
fricatives擦音:
[f,v,s,z,T,D,ʃ,ʒ,h]
affricates塞擦音:
[tʃ,dʒ]
nasals鼻音:
[m,n,ŋ]
liquids边音:
[l][r]
glides滑音:
（semivowels[w,j]）
2.intermsofplaceofarticulation:
bilabial双唇音:
[p,b,m,w]
labiodental唇齿音:
[f,v]
dental齿音:
[T,D]
alveolar齿龈音:
[t,d,s,z,n,l,r]
palatal腭音:
[ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ,j]
velar软腭音:
[k,g,ŋ]
glottal喉音:
[h]
2）classificationofEnglishvowels:
●monophthongs单元音:
1.thepartofthetonguethatisheldhighest:
front:
[i:
i,e,æ
ɑ]
central:
[ə:
ə,ʌ]
back:
[u:
u,Ɔ:
Ɔ,ɑ:
]
2.widthofthemouth:
open:
[æ
ʌ,Ɔ,ɑ,ɑ:
close:
i,u:
u]
semi-open/semi-close:
[Ɔ:
e,ə,ə:
3.shapeofthelips:
rounded:
Ɔ]
unrounded:
ə:
ə,ʌ,ɑ:
●diphthongs双元音:
[ei,ai,Ɔi,əu,au,iə,ɛə,uə]
Thelongvowelsarealltensevowelsandtheshortvowelsarelaxvowels.
（4）phonology音系学/音位学
Itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
1）phone,phoneme,allophone
1.phone音素
●Aphoneisaphoneticunit.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.
leaf[li:
f]---[l,i:
f]
feel[fi:
l]---[f,i:
]
●Butaphonedoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.
[bi:
]---[pHi:
][tHi:
]---[mi:
[pHit]---[tip|][li:
f]---[fi:
É
2.phoneme音位
●Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;
itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
●Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.
[pH]in[pit][l]in[li:
f]
/p/[p=]in[spit]/l/[É
]in[fi:
l]
[p|]in[tip]
3.allophone音位变体
●Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
●Distinctivefeatures区别性的特征
Thefeaturesthataphonemepossesses,makingitdifferentfromotherphonemes,areitsdistinctivefeatures.
[men],[pen],[ben],[ten],[ren],[ken]
Binaryfeatures:
[+consonantal][-consonantal]
[+nasal]
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