经济学原理Word格式文档下载.docx

经济学原理Word格式文档下载.docx

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第6讲企业行为与产业组织

第7讲市场失灵与微观经济政策

第8讲国民收入核算论

第9讲凯恩斯模型

第10讲经济周期：

失业与通货膨胀

第11讲宏观经济政策

经济学原理英语

ThisFYIlistspeoplewhostudiedeconomicsincollege.Itisafunwaytolightenupthelecture.Ontheotherhand,ifyou’rerunningshortontime,thisisagoodcandidatetoskip–studentswillreadilyfinditwhentheyreadthechapter.

（Duetospacelimitations,thisslideomitsafewofthenamesinthecorrespondingFYIboxinthetext.）

The“definition”ofcapitalshownonthisslide（“buildingsandmachines”）isthesamethatappearsinthecorrespondingsectionofthechapter.Amoreformaldefinitionwillbeprovidedinsubsequentchapters.

ThisandthefollowingslidebuildtheCircular-FlowDiagrampiecebypiece.

Inthisdiagram,thegreenarrowsrepresentflowsofincome/payments.Theredarrowsrepresentflowsofgoods&

services（includingservicesofthefactorsofproductioninthelowerhalfofthediagram）.

Tokeepthegraphsimple,wehaveomittedthegovernment,financialsystem,andforeignsector,asdiscussedonthenextslide.

Youmaywishtochangetheorderinwhichtheelementsappear.Todoso,lookfor“CustomAnimation”inyourversionofPowerPoint.

Suggestion:

Showfirstrow.Explainhowwegettheproductionnumbersfromtheemploymentnumbers.Then,showtherestoftheemploymentnumbers,andgivestudents3minutestocomputetheproductionnumbersforeachemploymentallocation.

ThisexerciseleadsstudentstodiscoverforthemselvesthatpointsunderthePPFarepossiblebutinefficient,whilepointsaboveitarenotpossible.

Here,the“rise”isanegativenumber,because,asyoumovetotheright,thelinefalls（meaningwheatoutputisreduced）.

Movingtotherightinvolvesshiftingresourcesfromtheproductionofwheat（whichcauseswheatoutputtofall）totheproductionofcomputers（whichcausescomputerproductiontorise）.Producinganadditionalcomputerrequirestheresourcesthatwouldotherwiseproduce10tonsofwheat.

Thisexercisereinforcesthematerialontheprecedingslide.ItisespeciallyusefulifyouplantocoverChapter3（InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTrade）aftercompletingChapter2.

Therearetwowaystogettheanswer.

ThehardwayistocomputetheslopeofbothPPFs.TheslopeofFrance’sPPFequals-600/300=-2,meaningthatFrancemustgiveuptwounitsofwinetogetanadditionalunitofcloth.TheslopeofEngland’sPPF=-200/300=-2/3,meaningthatEnglandonlymustsacrifice2/3ofaunitofwinetogetanadditionalunitofcloth.Thus,theopportunitycostofclothislowerinEnglandthanFrance.

Thequestion,however,doesnotaskforthenumericalvaluesoftheopportunitycostofclothinthetwocountries.Itonlyaskswhichcountryhasaloweropportunitycostofcloth.

Thereisaneasywaytodeterminetheanswer.StudentsmustrememberthattheslopeofthePPFequalstheopportunitycostofthegoodmeasuredonthehorizontalaxis.Then,studentscansimply“eyeball”thetwoPPFstodeterminewhichissteepest.Fromthegraphsshow,it’sprettyeasytoseethatEngland’sPPFisn’tassteep,andthereforetheopportunitycostofclothislowerinEnglandthaninFrance.

ThePPFshowsthetradeoffbetweentheoutputsofdifferentgoodsatagiventime,butthetradeoffcanchangeovertime.

Forexample,overtime,theeconomymightgetmoreworkers（ormorefactoriesormoreland）.Or,amoreefficienttechnologymightbeinvented.Bothevents–anincreaseintheeconomy’sresourcesoranimprovementintechnology–causeanexpansioninthesetofopportunities.Thatis,bothallowtheeconomytoproducemoreofoneorbothgoods.

Thisisasimpleexampleofeconomicgrowth,animportantsubjectthatgetsitsownchapterinthemacroeconomicsportionofthetextbook.

Intheexampleshownonthisslide,economicgrowthcausesaparalleloutwardshiftofthePPF.SincethenewPPFisparalleltotheoldone,thetradeoffbetweenthetwogoodsisthesame.However,thisneednotalwaysbethecase.Forexample,ifanewtechnologyhadmoreimpactonthecomputerindustrythanonthewheatindustry,thenthehorizontal（computer）interceptwouldincreasemorethanthevertical（wheat）intercept,andthePPFwouldbecomeflatter:

theopportunitycostofcomputerswouldfall,becausethetechnologyhasmadethemrelativelycheaper（relativetowheat）.Goingintomoredetailhereisprobablybeyondthescopeofthischapter.

Here,weareusing“workers”forthemoregeneral“resources,”tokeepthingssimpleandconsistentwiththepreviousexamples.

Thebow-shapedPPFismorerealistic.However,thelinearPPFissimplertoworkwith,andwecanlearnalotabouthowtheeconomyworksusingthelinearPPF.InChapter3,wewillusealinearPPFtoshowhowtradecanmaketwocountries（ortwoindividuals）betteroff.

Note:

Inthe“ProblemsandApplications”attheendofthechapter,problem4asksstudentstoconstructaPPFforaneconomywiththreedifferentworkers（Larry,Moe,andCurly）,eachwithadifferentopportunitycost.ThePPFendsuphavingthreelinesegments（oneforeachworker）,which--veryroughly--approximatesabow-shape.Afterstudentsworkthroughandunderstandthisproblem,itshouldnotbehardforthemtounderstandthefollowing:

themoredifferentkindsofworkers（or,moregenerally,resources）thereare,thecloserthePPFwillresembleasmoothbowshape.InanactualeconomyliketheU.S.,therearemillionsofdifferentworkerswithdifferentopportunitycosts,soasmoothbow-shapedPPFisanearlyperfectapproximationtotheactualPPF.

Incomeisthefirstdemandshifterdiscussedinthischapterofthetextbook.Ichosetostartwithadifferentone（numberofbuyers）,forthefollowingreason:

Indiscussingtheimpactofchangesinincomeonthedemandcurve,thetextbookalsointroducestheconceptofnormalgoodsandinferiorgoods.Studentsmayfinditeasiertolearnaboutcurveshiftsifthepresentationfocusessolelyonacurveshift（atleastinitially）withoutsimultaneouslyintroducingotherconcepts.

Ifyouwishtopresentthedemandshiftersinthesameorderastheyappearinthebook,simplyreordertheslidesinthispresentation.

Beginningeconomicsstudentsoftenhavetroubleunderstandingthedifferencebetweenamovementalongthecurveandashiftinthecurve.Here,theanimationhasbeencarefullydesignedtohelpstudentsseethatashiftinthecurveresultsfromanincreaseinquantityateachprice.

（Amorerealisticscenariowouldinvolveanon-parallelshift,wherethehorizontaldistanceoftheshiftwouldbegreaterforlowerpricesthanhigherones.However,toremainconsistentwiththetextbook,andtokeepthingssimple,thisslideshowsaparallelshift.）

Ifyouarewillingtospendacoupleextraminutesonsubstitutesandcomplements,andhaveablackboardorwhiteboardtodrawon,here’sanidea:

Before（orinsteadof）showingthisslide,drawthedemandcurveforhamburgers.Pickaprice,say$5,anddrawahorizontallineatthatprice,extendingfromtheverticalaxisthroughtheDcurveandcontinuingtotheright.SupposeQ=1000whenP=$5.Labelthisonthehorizontalaxis.

Nowaskyourstudents:

Ifpizzabecomesmoreexpensive,butpriceofhamburgersdoesnotchange,whatwouldhappentothequantityofhamburgersdemanded?

Woulditremainat1000,woulditincrease,orwoulditdecrease?

Explain.

Someandperhapsmoststudentswillseerightawaythatpeoplewillwantmorehamburgerswhenthepriceofpizzarises.Afterestablishingthis,notethattheincreaseinthepriceofpizzacausedanincreaseinthequantitydemandedofhamburgers.Thenstatetheterm“substitutes”andgivethedefinition.

Beforegivingtheotherexamples（listedinthe3rdbulletofthisslide）,doasimilarexercisetodeveloptheconceptofcomplements.Finally,givetheexamplesofsubstitutesandcomplementsfromthe3rdbulletpointofthisandthefollowingslides,butmixuptheorderandaskstudentstoidentifywhethereachexampleiscomplementsorsubstitutes.

Studentsshouldnoticethattheonlydeterminantofquantitydemandedthatcausesamovementalongthecurveisprice.Alsonotice:

priceisoneofthevariablesmeasuredalongtheaxesofthegraph.

Here’sahandy“ruleofthumb”tohelpstudentsrememberwhetherthecurveshifts:

Ifthevariablecausingdemandtochangeismeasuredononeoftheaxes,youmovealongthecurve.Ifthevariablethat’scausingdemandtochangeisNOTmeasuredoneitheraxis,thenthecurveshifts.

ThisruleofthumbworkswithallcurvesineconomicsthatinvolveanX-Yrelationship.（I.e.,itworksforthesupplycurve,themarginalcostcurve,theISandLMcurves,amongmanyothers,butitdoesnotapplytocurvesdrawnontimeseriesgraphs.）

Ineachcase,thereareonlythreepossibleanswers:

-Thecurveshiftstotheright

-Thecurveshiftstotheleft

-Thecurvedoesnotshift（thoughtheremaybeamovementalongthecurve）

Pointouttoyourstudentsthattherearenonumbersorunitsoneitheraxis,andweareusing“P1”and“Q1”torepresenttheinitialpriceandquantity,ratherthanspecificnumericalvalues.Tellthemthatthisiscommon,becauseinmucheconomicanalysis,thegoalisonlytoseethedirectionofchanges,notspecificamounts.（Besides,ifweputnumbersonthisgraph,they’djusthavebeenmadeup,sowhybother?

）

Alsopointoutthefollowing:

Thepriceofmusicdownloadsisthesame,butthequantitydemandedisnowhigher.Infact,thisisthenatureofashiftinacurve:

atanygivenprice,thequantityisdifferentthanbefore.

“Non-pricedeterminantsofsupply”simplymeansthethings–otherthanthepriceofa