幽默的语用分析文档格式.docx

幽默的语用分析文档格式.docx

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KeyWords:

humor;

cooperativeprinciple;

relevancetheory;

speechacttheory

摘要：

作为一种语言现象，幽默普遍存在于我们的日常生活中。

它不仅增进了人们的关系，改善了交谈的气氛，也是个人智慧、魅力和所受教育的一种体现。

因此，越来越多来自各领域的学者都给予幽默很多关注。

本文试从语用学角度出发，运用语用学理论（Grice的合作原则，Sperber&

Wilson的关联理论和Austin&

Searle的言语行为理论）来分析幽默的特点，旨在探究幽默和一些语用规则的关系，以期对幽默有更好的理解和欣赏。

本文分为三个部分：

第一部分简要介绍了幽默的概念，研究幽默的三大传统理论以及在心理学、语言学、社会学等方面对幽默已有的研究；

第二部分是本文的主体部分，简要回顾了三个与幽默相关的语言学理论并且通过一些幽默笑话案例来分析这些理论在幽默中的应用；

第三部分总结全文，重述了本文的基本思想，以助于对之前所做讨论有更好的理解。

（鼎力论文网）

关键词：

幽默；

合作原则；

关联理论；

言语行为理论

CONTENTS

1.Introduction1

1.1DefinitionsofHumor1

1.2PreviousResearchesonHumor2

2.APragmaticAnalysisofHumor4

2.1TheCooperativePrinciple（CP）4

2.1.1ABriefReviewofCP4

2.1.2BreachofFourMaximsinHumor6

2.1.2.1ViolationofMaximofQuantity6

2.1.2.2ViolationofMaximofQuality7

2.1.2.3ViolationofMaximofRelevance8

2.1.2.4ViolationofMaximofManner9

2.2RelevanceTheory10

2.2.1ABriefReviewoftheRelevanceTheory10

2.2.2HumorandRelevanceTheory12

2.2.3SampleAnalysisofHumoronRelevanceTheory12

2.3SpeechActTheory14

2.3.1ABriefReviewoftheSpeechActTheory14

2.3.2SampleAnalysisofHumoronSpeechActTheory15

3.Conclusion16

Bibliography19

1.Introduction

Humorisalmosteverywhere.Itisfrequentlyfoundinliteraryworks,movies,televisions,radios,photographs,advertisementsandsocialactivities,etc.Thereisnowherethathasnotbeenfilledwithhumor.Throughoutthecenturies,humorhasbeenatopicthatattractstheattentionandinterestoftheresearchersinvariousfields.Nowadays,thestudyofhumorhasalreadybecomeaspecialandindependentdiscipline.Manylinguists,includingpsycholinguists,sociolinguists,havebeensearchingforthecauseofhumor.

1.1DefinitionsofHumor

Whenwetrytodefineexactlywhathumoris,wefinditquitedifficult.Manylinguists,rhetoricians,lexicographers,philosophers,andscholarshavegivenvariousdefinitionsofhumorbutnoonemeetswitheverybody’ssatisfaction.

AccordingtoLongmanModernEnglishDictionary（1976）,humorissomethingwhicharisesamusement,laughter,etc.,orthecapacityforrecognizing,reactingtoorexpressingsomethingwhichisamusing,funny,etc.InLongmanCurrentEnglishDictionary（1978）,humoristheabilitytobeamusedorthequalityofcausingamusement.InOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary（1988）,humoristhecapacitytocauseorfeelamusement.InTheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage（1980）,humoristhequalityofbeinglaughableorcomicalandtheabilitytoperceiveorexpresswhatiscomical,witty,etc.What’smore,inallitsmany-splendoredvarieties,humorcanbesimplydefinedasatypeofstimulationthattendstoelicitthelaughter.

Theabovedefinitionshaveone-sidedviewofhumor.Eachdefinitiononlypointsouttheessenceofhumorpartlyfromonecertainperspective.Andnohumortheoristcanclaimhisexplanationisexactlyperfect.Butitis“universallyacknowledgedthatthenatureofhumoriscomplexandmultifacetedanditissimplynotpossibleatthistimetodevelopasinglebroadtheorythatsatisfactorilyaccountsforseveralkeyqualitiesofhumorsimultaneously”（McGhee1979）.

1.2PreviousResearchesonHumor

Inthetraditionalview,threetheoriesofhumorhavebeenwidelyaccepted:

superioritytheory,incongruitytheoryandrelieftheory.

Thesuperioritytheoryisatheorywithrelativelylonghistoryandfrequentcitationamongthemanytheoriesofhumor.Laughersalwayslookdownuponwhatevertheylaughatandaccordinglyhaveasenseofsuperiorityintheirpsychologybycertainstandard.Thistheoryfocusesonemotionorsuperiorpsychology,butwefeelmorethansuperiorwhensomethingislikelytoelicitourlaughter.

Incongruitytheory,alsoknownasincongruity-resolutiontheory,involvessomekindofdifferenceorclashbetweenwhatweexpectandwhatwereceiveactually.Theusualstatementoftheincongruitytheory（IR）modelpostulatesthathumoriscreatedbyamultistageprocessinwhichaninitialincongruityiscreated,andthensomefurtherinformationcausesthatincongruitytoberesolved（Ritchie1999）.Thatistosayhumordependsonthepleasureoffindingunexpectedconnectionsbetweenthetwominglingideaswhicharefelttobeutterlydisparate.

Relieftheoryhasbeengivenconsiderableattentionbythepsychoanalysts,whomaintainthathumorusuallyservesasareleaseoftensionwhichresultsfromoursexualoraggressiveurges.Sometimeswewillburstintolaughterwhenweareundergoingastrainthatissuddenlyremoved.So,thecentralelementinhumor,inthepsychoanalysts’view,maybeneitherafeelingofsuperioritynortheawarenessofincongruity,butthefeelingofreliefthatcomesfromtheremovalofrestraint.TherelieftheoryhasbeenreinforcedandbroughtintoprominencebythepsychologistSigmundFreud.Freud（1976）himselfregardshumorasameansofoutwittingtheinternalinhibitionswhichpreventusfromgivingreintomanyofournaturalimpulses.Theinternalinhibitionsarenotonlyoursexualimpulses,butalsoourmaliciousones.Therestraintsmaystartfromourchildhoodwhenwearetaughtthatitis“impolite”eithertoexposeourbodiesortospeakinsultinglyorrudelytoothers.Thushumor,bywhich,insultsormaliciousintentionmaybedisguisedascomplimentsandsexualreferencescanhidebehindourinnocentwords,becomesatooltoreleasethesuppressedemotionandameansofobtainingpleasure.

Besidesthetraditionalview,worksonhumoraremainlyfromthepsychological,linguisticandsociologicalperspectives.

Psychologicalanalysisofverbalhumorisbasedonthenotionofincongruityandresolution.Theresearchesonhumorfromthisperspectivebelievethatincongruityisanecessaryprerequisite,andthatthecoreofhumorconsistsofanincongruousrelationshipofwhichwehavetomakesense.Psycholinguisticresearchesonhumorhavepaidspecialattentiontooursensitivitytovariouslinguisticambiguityandourinterpretationorappreciationofhumors;

inotherwords,theytrytodetectwhetherwehavetheabilitytofindouttheclashorincongruityandtheresolutiontomakeacoherenceofthehumor.AtypicalrepresentativeinthisresearchingfieldisSuls（1972）,whoinhispaper“Atwo-stagemodelfortheappreciationofjokesandcartoons”advancesatwo-stagemodeltheoryonhumorappreciation.Inthispaper,Sulsputsforward“acognitiverule”inhumorappreciation.Although“acognitiverule”isnotclearlydefinedinthatpaper,itsuggeststhathetriedtostudytheunderstandingofhumorfromthepsychologicalperspective.Freud（1976）ismoreconcernedwiththeconstructionofhumorfromthepsychoanalyticperspectiveratherthantheunderstandingofhumorlikeSuls.InhisworkJokesandTheirRelationtotheUnconscious,Freudfindsmanysimilaritiesbetweenthetechniquesusedinhumorandthewaysinwhichourwakingthoughtsaredistortedindreams,sothatheisabletolinkhistheoryofhumortohistheoryofdreaminterpretation.Inadditiontoresearchesonhumor’sinterpretationandconstruction,thehealingeffectofhumoralsograduallybecomeshottopicinpsychologicalfield.Forexample,McGhee（1999）,ontheonehand,focusesonchildren’shumorresearch,recognizingtherelationbetweenhumorandchildren’smentalhealth;

ontheotherhand,heconcentratesontheremedyeffectofhumoronpeople’shealth.InhisworkHealth,Healing,andtheAmuseSystem:

HumorasSurvivalTraining,hecontendsthathumorcanhelppeopletosustainanupbeat,positiveandoptimisticframeofmind,andemphasizestheremedyeffectofhumorfromthepsychologicalpointofview.Humorresearchesinpsychologicalfieldarelimitlessandcannotbeillustratedwholly,soonlyafewofthemarechosenheretogiveaglimpseatthisfield.

Linguisticstudiesonhumorconcentrateonthelinguisticformofthehumorousline,sothatgenres,likewordplayorriddles,andlinguisticdeviceslikepun,ambiguity,homophony,andexaggeration,haveattractedsomelinguists’attention（Pepicello1984;

Chiaro1992;

Norrick1993）.Pepicello（1984）inhisworkTheLanguageofRiddlesclaimsthathumoriscloselyrelatedtoambiguitywhetheritislinguisticsuchasphonologicalambiguityinpunningorcontextualsuchasriddles,andthathumordependsontheunsolvableambiguityuntilthepunchlineresolvesitinsomeunexpectedway.

Astothesociologicalstudiesofhumor,Chiaro（1992）inherbookTheLanguageofJokes:

AnalyzingVerbal