纪念伟大的哲学家胡塞尔舍斯托夫Word格式文档下载.docx

纪念伟大的哲学家胡塞尔舍斯托夫Word格式文档下载.docx

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InmemoryofagreatphilosopherEdmundHusserl

1

MaxScheler,whenIlastsawhim,twoweeksbeforehisdeath,suddenlyaskedme:

"

WarumsindSiemitsoeinemUngestьmgegenHusserllosgegangen?

"

Husserlhimself,whenIvisitedhiminFreiburg,introducedmetoagroupofvisitingAmericanprofessorsofphilosophywiththewords:

Noonehaseverattackedmesosharplyashe-andthat'

swhywearesuchclosefriends."

WhatastonishesoneinHusserl'

swordsistheclearexpressionofthe"

disinterestedness"

whichissorareeveninthegreatphilosophers.Hisfirstinterestwasinthetruth:

andinthesearchfortruthfriendshipwithone'

sintellectualopponentsisnotonlypossiblebutessential.ThisischaracteristicofHusserlinthehighestdegree.

Butweareconcernedforthemomentwithadifferentquestion:

Whatcouldhavebeenthecauseofmyharshattack?

TomakeintelligibleapositionasdifficultandatthesametimeremarkableasHusserl'

sphenomenology,itseemstomeusefultostatenotonlythedoctrineitselfbutalsothereasonswhyIhavefoundit,andstillfindit,unacceptable.Objectionsilluminatenotonlytheviewsofthecritic,butalsothoseofthethinkercriticized.[1]

IfirstencounteredHusserl'

sworksthirtyyearsago,[2]atatimewhenhehadpublishedonlytheLogischeUntersuchungen.Thatbookwasandisenormouslyimpressive.AmongphilosophersoftheearlytwentiethcenturyfewindeedcanrivalHusserlinpower,boldness,depth,andsignificanceofthought.Wedidnotmeetuntilmuchlater,afterIhadpublishedtwoarticlesonHusserlintheRevuePhilosophique.[3]IhadbeeninvitedtoAmsterdamtoreadapaperbeforeaphilosophicalsociety.WhenIgotthereIwastoldthatHusserlwascominglatertoreadapaperandthathehadaskedifIcouldawaithisarrivalsothatwemightmeet.Ofcourse,Igladlypostponedmy

departureforafewdays.IwaspleasantlysurprisedbyHusserl'

sdesiretomeetanoutspokenintellectualopponent:

suchgenerosityofspiritisextremelyrare.

OurfirstmeetingtookplaceatthephilosophicalsocietyintheeveningjustbeforeHusserlwastoreadhispaper.Atthattime,ofcourse,therewasnophilosophicdiscussion.Husserlwasbusycompletinghisownpaper,whichlastedformorethantwohoursandwhich,incidentally,hereadstanding,withextraordinaryease,andwiththeartistryandvigorofamanoffortyratherthanseventy.Husserlaskedthememberofthephilosophicsocietyinwhosehomeheandhiswifewerestaying（itisthecustominAmsterdamforphilosopherswhoareinvitedtoreadpaperstostaywithmembersofthephilosophicsocietyratherthaninhotels）toinvitemefordinnerthefollowingday.Atdinner,ofcourse,therewasnotalkofphilosophy.Butimmediatelyafterdinner,assoonaswehadgonefromthediningroomintothestudy,Husserlbegantoraisephilosophicissues,plungingdirectlyinmediasres.Thiswascharacteristicofhim.Irememberthatwhen,afewdayslater,bothofushaddinnerwithanothermemberofthesociety,andafterdinnerourhost,averywealthymanandapassionatebibliophile,beganshowingHusserlsomeofhisrarebooks-firsteditionsoftheCritiqueofPureReasonandSpinoza'

sEthics-Husserl,tothegreatchagrinofourhost,castonlyaperfunctoryglanceattheserarevolumes,andinafewmomentstookmeasideandbegantotalkphilosophy.

Thissameconcentrationuponthequestionswhichabsorbedhimwasapparentonanotheroccasion,when,attherequestofProfessorAndler,IbegantosoundHusserloutconcerninghiswillingnesstocometoParisattheinvitationoftheSorbonne.Heaskedmeonlyonequestion:

DoyouthinkthatIwillfindpeopleinPariswhoknowGermanandarewillingtoreflectuponmyproblems?

Husserl'

scompleteabsorptioninphilosophywasevidentinallofourconversations-firstinAmsterdam,andtheninFreiburgandParis."

Youwerewrong,"

hebeganatourfirstmeeting,throwinghimselfuponmesharplyandpassionately,

Youhaveturnedmeintoastonestatue,raisedmeontoaloftypedestal,andthenwithhammerblowsyouhaveshatteredthisstatuetobits.ButamIreallysolapidary?

Youdon'

tseemtohavenoticedwhatcompelledmetoformulateinsucharadicalwaythequestionofthenatureofknowledge,modifyingthedominanttheoriesofknowledgewhichpreviouslyhadsatisfiedmeasmuchasanyotherphilosopher.ThemoredeeplyIprobedintothebasicproblemsoflogic,themoreIfeltthatourscience,ourknowledge,isshaking,tottering.Andfinally,

tomyownindescribablehorror,Iconvincedmyselfthatifcontemporaryphilosophyhassaidthelastwordaboutthenatureofknowledge,thenwehavenoknowledge.Once,whenIwasgivingalectureattheuniversity,expoundingideaswhichIhadtakenoverfromourcontemporaries,IsuddenlyfeltthatIhadnothingtosay,thatIwasstandingbeforemystudentswithemptyhandsandanemptysoul.AndthenIresolvedbothformyselfandformystudentstosubmittheexistingtheoriesofknowledgetothatsevereandunrelentingcriticismwhichhasarousedtheindignationofsomanypeople.Ontheotherhand,Ibegantoseekthetruthpreciselywherenoonehadsoughtitbefore,sincenoonehadadmittedthatitmightbefoundthere.SuchwastheoriginofmyLogicalInvestigations.Butyoudidnotwanttoseeinmystruggle,inmyimpetuous"

either-or,"

anexpressionofwhatitinfactwas-namely,theconsciousnessthat,ifthedoubtswhichhadariseninmecouldnotbeovercomebytheeffortsofreason,ifwearedoomedmerelytogoonsmoothingover-moreorlessthoroughly-thefissuresandcrevasseswhichhaveopenedupinallofourepistemologicalconstructions,thenonefinedayallofourknowledgewillcrumbleandwewillfindourselvesstandingamidthemiserableruinsofformergreatness."

Itwasinroughlythesewords,butwithgreaterforceandpassion,withthatextraordinaryйlanwhichonefeltinallofhisremarkablewritings

andaddresses,thatHusserlspoketomeofthesourcesofhisboldandoriginalphilosophy,aphilosophywhichrelentlesslysweptawaythefundamentalideasofthebestcontemporarythinkers.TheLogischeUntersuchungenandhisotherworkswerea"

slaughter,"

notofthe"

innocent,"

ofcourse,（theinnocentdonotphilosophize）,butoftheoldmen.Atthesametimetheywereagrandioseandmagnificentattempttofindasupportforourknowledge,asupportwhicheventhe"

gatesofHell"

couldnotvanquish.Husserlspokewithsincerity,enthusiasm,andinspiration;

Ithinkevennon-philosopherswouldimmediatelysensethatthequestionsheraisedwerenottheoreticalones-anyprofferedsolutiontowhich,beingequallyindifferent,wouldbeequallyacceptable-butquestions,ashehimselfputit,oflifeanddeath.Husserl,likeShakespeare'

sHamlet,raisedtheterribleandfatefulquestion,"

tobeornottobe."

HesawwithHamlet（orwithShakespeare）thatthetimewasoutofjoint.Hiswordshadatrulyshatteringimpact.Myfirstpersonalmeetingswithhim,likemyreadingofhisfirstwordstwentyyearsearlier,wastrulymemorable.Onedoesnotforgetsuchhumangreatness.

Irepliedcandidly-"

Youareright,ofcourse.IhaveattackedyourideaswithalltheenergyIcouldcommand.ButthiswasonlybecauseI

felttheenormousandincomparablepowerofyourthought,andsensedwhatyouhavenowtoldmeaboutthemotivationsofyourboldandoriginalideas.IhavenodoubtthatinFrance-whereyouwerealmostentirelyunknownbeforemyarticlesappeared-peoplenowrealizethataneighboringcountryhasproducedamajorphilosopherwhohasopeneduphorizonshithertoobscuredbythethickhazeoftraditionalcommonplaces.Thesharpnessofmyattackemphasizes,ratherthandeprecates,theenormoussignificanceofwhatyouhavedoneforphilosophy.Tostrugglewithyouonemustmarshalallofhisspiritualenergies;

everyintenseeffortpresupposespassionandthesharpnessofpassion.Iwasfacedbyafearfuldilemma:

eithertoacceptyourwholepositionanditsas-yet-unformulatedphilosophicalimplications-ortorebelagainstyou.AndifinthenextworldIamaccusedofbetrayingphilosophybecauseofmystruggleagainstself-evidence[4].Ishallpointtoyou,andyouwillburninmyplace.Youhavepursuedandpersecutedmesopersistentlyandinexorablywithyourintuitiveself-evidence,thatIcouldfindnootherwayout.EitherIhadtosubmittoyouineverything,orelsesteelmyselfforthedesperatestepofrevolt,notonlyagainstyoubutagainsteverythingthathasalwaysbeenconsideredtheunquestionedfoundationofphilosophyandofthought.Ihadtorevoltagainstself-evidenttruth.Youwereprofoundlyrightwhenyousaidthatthetimewasoutofjoint.Everyattempttoexaminetheleastfissureinthefoundationofhumanknowledgethrowsthetimeoutofjoint.Butmustknowledgebepreservedatwhatevercost?

Mustthetimebeputbackinjoint?

Orrather,shouldwenotgiveitafurtherpush-andshatterittobits?

Thisconversation-heregiveninbriefandapproximateoutline-broughttoafocuswhatunited,andalsowhatdivided,us.Strangeasitmayseemtosomepeople,myfirstteacherofphilosophywasShakespeare,withhisenigmatic,incomprehensible,threatening,andmelancholywords:

thetimeisoutofjoint."

Whatcanonedo,howcanoneact,whenthetimeisoutofjoint,whenbeingrevealsitshorrors?

FromShakespeareIturnedeagerlytoKant,who,withtheincomparableartistryofhisCritiqueofPracticalReason,bymeansofhisfamouspostulates,attemptedtoglossover,andforcenturiessucceededinglossingover,theontologicalfissureslaidbarebyhisowncrit