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InmemoryofagreatphilosopherEdmundHusserl
1
MaxScheler,whenIlastsawhim,twoweeksbeforehisdeath,suddenlyaskedme:
"
WarumsindSiemitsoeinemUngestьmgegenHusserllosgegangen?
"
Husserlhimself,whenIvisitedhiminFreiburg,introducedmetoagroupofvisitingAmericanprofessorsofphilosophywiththewords:
Noonehaseverattackedmesosharplyashe-andthat'
swhywearesuchclosefriends."
WhatastonishesoneinHusserl'
swordsistheclearexpressionofthe"
disinterestedness"
whichissorareeveninthegreatphilosophers.Hisfirstinterestwasinthetruth:
andinthesearchfortruthfriendshipwithone'
sintellectualopponentsisnotonlypossiblebutessential.ThisischaracteristicofHusserlinthehighestdegree.
Butweareconcernedforthemomentwithadifferentquestion:
Whatcouldhavebeenthecauseofmyharshattack?
TomakeintelligibleapositionasdifficultandatthesametimeremarkableasHusserl'
sphenomenology,itseemstomeusefultostatenotonlythedoctrineitselfbutalsothereasonswhyIhavefoundit,andstillfindit,unacceptable.Objectionsilluminatenotonlytheviewsofthecritic,butalsothoseofthethinkercriticized.[1]
IfirstencounteredHusserl'
sworksthirtyyearsago,[2]atatimewhenhehadpublishedonlytheLogischeUntersuchungen.Thatbookwasandisenormouslyimpressive.AmongphilosophersoftheearlytwentiethcenturyfewindeedcanrivalHusserlinpower,boldness,depth,andsignificanceofthought.Wedidnotmeetuntilmuchlater,afterIhadpublishedtwoarticlesonHusserlintheRevuePhilosophique.[3]IhadbeeninvitedtoAmsterdamtoreadapaperbeforeaphilosophicalsociety.WhenIgotthereIwastoldthatHusserlwascominglatertoreadapaperandthathehadaskedifIcouldawaithisarrivalsothatwemightmeet.Ofcourse,Igladlypostponedmy
departureforafewdays.IwaspleasantlysurprisedbyHusserl'
sdesiretomeetanoutspokenintellectualopponent:
suchgenerosityofspiritisextremelyrare.
OurfirstmeetingtookplaceatthephilosophicalsocietyintheeveningjustbeforeHusserlwastoreadhispaper.Atthattime,ofcourse,therewasnophilosophicdiscussion.Husserlwasbusycompletinghisownpaper,whichlastedformorethantwohoursandwhich,incidentally,hereadstanding,withextraordinaryease,andwiththeartistryandvigorofamanoffortyratherthanseventy.Husserlaskedthememberofthephilosophicsocietyinwhosehomeheandhiswifewerestaying(itisthecustominAmsterdamforphilosopherswhoareinvitedtoreadpaperstostaywithmembersofthephilosophicsocietyratherthaninhotels)toinvitemefordinnerthefollowingday.Atdinner,ofcourse,therewasnotalkofphilosophy.Butimmediatelyafterdinner,assoonaswehadgonefromthediningroomintothestudy,Husserlbegantoraisephilosophicissues,plungingdirectlyinmediasres.Thiswascharacteristicofhim.Irememberthatwhen,afewdayslater,bothofushaddinnerwithanothermemberofthesociety,andafterdinnerourhost,averywealthymanandapassionatebibliophile,beganshowingHusserlsomeofhisrarebooks-firsteditionsoftheCritiqueofPureReasonandSpinoza'
sEthics-Husserl,tothegreatchagrinofourhost,castonlyaperfunctoryglanceattheserarevolumes,andinafewmomentstookmeasideandbegantotalkphilosophy.
Thissameconcentrationuponthequestionswhichabsorbedhimwasapparentonanotheroccasion,when,attherequestofProfessorAndler,IbegantosoundHusserloutconcerninghiswillingnesstocometoParisattheinvitationoftheSorbonne.Heaskedmeonlyonequestion:
DoyouthinkthatIwillfindpeopleinPariswhoknowGermanandarewillingtoreflectuponmyproblems?
Husserl'
scompleteabsorptioninphilosophywasevidentinallofourconversations-firstinAmsterdam,andtheninFreiburgandParis."
Youwerewrong,"
hebeganatourfirstmeeting,throwinghimselfuponmesharplyandpassionately,
Youhaveturnedmeintoastonestatue,raisedmeontoaloftypedestal,andthenwithhammerblowsyouhaveshatteredthisstatuetobits.ButamIreallysolapidary?
Youdon'
tseemtohavenoticedwhatcompelledmetoformulateinsucharadicalwaythequestionofthenatureofknowledge,modifyingthedominanttheoriesofknowledgewhichpreviouslyhadsatisfiedmeasmuchasanyotherphilosopher.ThemoredeeplyIprobedintothebasicproblemsoflogic,themoreIfeltthatourscience,ourknowledge,isshaking,tottering.Andfinally,
tomyownindescribablehorror,Iconvincedmyselfthatifcontemporaryphilosophyhassaidthelastwordaboutthenatureofknowledge,thenwehavenoknowledge.Once,whenIwasgivingalectureattheuniversity,expoundingideaswhichIhadtakenoverfromourcontemporaries,IsuddenlyfeltthatIhadnothingtosay,thatIwasstandingbeforemystudentswithemptyhandsandanemptysoul.AndthenIresolvedbothformyselfandformystudentstosubmittheexistingtheoriesofknowledgetothatsevereandunrelentingcriticismwhichhasarousedtheindignationofsomanypeople.Ontheotherhand,Ibegantoseekthetruthpreciselywherenoonehadsoughtitbefore,sincenoonehadadmittedthatitmightbefoundthere.SuchwastheoriginofmyLogicalInvestigations.Butyoudidnotwanttoseeinmystruggle,inmyimpetuous"
either-or,"
anexpressionofwhatitinfactwas-namely,theconsciousnessthat,ifthedoubtswhichhadariseninmecouldnotbeovercomebytheeffortsofreason,ifwearedoomedmerelytogoonsmoothingover-moreorlessthoroughly-thefissuresandcrevasseswhichhaveopenedupinallofourepistemologicalconstructions,thenonefinedayallofourknowledgewillcrumbleandwewillfindourselvesstandingamidthemiserableruinsofformergreatness."
Itwasinroughlythesewords,butwithgreaterforceandpassion,withthatextraordinaryйlanwhichonefeltinallofhisremarkablewritings
andaddresses,thatHusserlspoketomeofthesourcesofhisboldandoriginalphilosophy,aphilosophywhichrelentlesslysweptawaythefundamentalideasofthebestcontemporarythinkers.TheLogischeUntersuchungenandhisotherworkswerea"
slaughter,"
notofthe"
innocent,"
ofcourse,(theinnocentdonotphilosophize),butoftheoldmen.Atthesametimetheywereagrandioseandmagnificentattempttofindasupportforourknowledge,asupportwhicheventhe"
gatesofHell"
couldnotvanquish.Husserlspokewithsincerity,enthusiasm,andinspiration;
Ithinkevennon-philosopherswouldimmediatelysensethatthequestionsheraisedwerenottheoreticalones-anyprofferedsolutiontowhich,beingequallyindifferent,wouldbeequallyacceptable-butquestions,ashehimselfputit,oflifeanddeath.Husserl,likeShakespeare'
sHamlet,raisedtheterribleandfatefulquestion,"
tobeornottobe."
HesawwithHamlet(orwithShakespeare)thatthetimewasoutofjoint.Hiswordshadatrulyshatteringimpact.Myfirstpersonalmeetingswithhim,likemyreadingofhisfirstwordstwentyyearsearlier,wastrulymemorable.Onedoesnotforgetsuchhumangreatness.
Irepliedcandidly-"
Youareright,ofcourse.IhaveattackedyourideaswithalltheenergyIcouldcommand.ButthiswasonlybecauseI
felttheenormousandincomparablepowerofyourthought,andsensedwhatyouhavenowtoldmeaboutthemotivationsofyourboldandoriginalideas.IhavenodoubtthatinFrance-whereyouwerealmostentirelyunknownbeforemyarticlesappeared-peoplenowrealizethataneighboringcountryhasproducedamajorphilosopherwhohasopeneduphorizonshithertoobscuredbythethickhazeoftraditionalcommonplaces.Thesharpnessofmyattackemphasizes,ratherthandeprecates,theenormoussignificanceofwhatyouhavedoneforphilosophy.Tostrugglewithyouonemustmarshalallofhisspiritualenergies;
everyintenseeffortpresupposespassionandthesharpnessofpassion.Iwasfacedbyafearfuldilemma:
eithertoacceptyourwholepositionanditsas-yet-unformulatedphilosophicalimplications-ortorebelagainstyou.AndifinthenextworldIamaccusedofbetrayingphilosophybecauseofmystruggleagainstself-evidence[4].Ishallpointtoyou,andyouwillburninmyplace.Youhavepursuedandpersecutedmesopersistentlyandinexorablywithyourintuitiveself-evidence,thatIcouldfindnootherwayout.EitherIhadtosubmittoyouineverything,orelsesteelmyselfforthedesperatestepofrevolt,notonlyagainstyoubutagainsteverythingthathasalwaysbeenconsideredtheunquestionedfoundationofphilosophyandofthought.Ihadtorevoltagainstself-evidenttruth.Youwereprofoundlyrightwhenyousaidthatthetimewasoutofjoint.Everyattempttoexaminetheleastfissureinthefoundationofhumanknowledgethrowsthetimeoutofjoint.Butmustknowledgebepreservedatwhatevercost?
Mustthetimebeputbackinjoint?
Orrather,shouldwenotgiveitafurtherpush-andshatterittobits?
Thisconversation-heregiveninbriefandapproximateoutline-broughttoafocuswhatunited,andalsowhatdivided,us.Strangeasitmayseemtosomepeople,myfirstteacherofphilosophywasShakespeare,withhisenigmatic,incomprehensible,threatening,andmelancholywords:
thetimeisoutofjoint."
Whatcanonedo,howcanoneact,whenthetimeisoutofjoint,whenbeingrevealsitshorrors?
FromShakespeareIturnedeagerlytoKant,who,withtheincomparableartistryofhisCritiqueofPracticalReason,bymeansofhisfamouspostulates,attemptedtoglossover,andforcenturiessucceededinglossingover,theontologicalfissureslaidbarebyhisowncrit