煤矿开采煤矿安全中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

煤矿开采煤矿安全中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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煤矿开采煤矿安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

外文：

Minesafety

Coalmininghistoricallyhasbeenahazardousoccupationbut,inrecentyears,tremendousprogresshasbeenmadeinreducingaccidentalcoalminedeathsandinjuries.themainaspectisasfollowing：

⑴Safetyofmineventilation

•PurposesofMineVentilation

•Properlyengineeredcontrolofthemineatmosphereisrequiredto:

•providefreshair（oxygen）formentobreathe

•provideasourceofoxygenforinternalcombustionenginesinmachinery

•diluteatmosphericcontaminantstoacceptablelevels

•maintaintemperatureandhumiditywithinacceptablelimits

•removeatmosphericcontaminantsfromthemine.

Mineventilationistwofoldinpurpose:

first,itmaintainslife,andsecondlyitcarriesoffdangerousgases.Thehistoricroleofventilationwastoprovideaflowoffreshairsufficienttoreplacetheoxygenconsumedbytheminersworkingunderground.Today'smineventilationprimarilydealswithnoxiousgases（mainlygeneratedbytracklessequipmentunderground）.

Canariesaresaidtohavebeenusedtodetectgasincoalminesintheearlystagesofcoalmining.Thissensitivebirdwouldbetakenintotheworkingsand,ifitperished,thecollierswouldimmediatelyleavethemine.Inthe1920sthehand-turnedfanswerereplacedwithair-poweredsmallturbinefans.Largefansofthesuctiontypewereplacedonthesurfaceandgraduallyincreasedinsize.Airfromsurfacecompressorswaspipedintotheminetopowermachineryandtoassistinventilation.

Unlesstheairisproperlydistributedtotheface,themineventilationsystemisnotperformingitsprimaryfunction[1].Whileithasalwaysbeenrecognizedthatthislastpartofventilationisthemostimport,itisalsothemostdifficulttoachieve.

TheprimarymeansofproducingandcontrollingtheairflowarealsoillustratedonFigure1.Mainfans,eithersinglyorincombination,handlealloftheairthatpassesthroughtheentiresystem.Theseareusually,butnotnecessarily,locatedonsurface,eitherexhaustingairthroughthesystemasshownonFigure1or,alternatively,connectedtodowncastshaftsormainintakesandforcingairintoandthroughthesystem.Becauseoftheadditionalhazardsofgasesanddustthatmaybothbeexplosive,legislationgoverningtheventilationofcoalminesisstricterthanformostotherundergroundfacilities.Inmanycountries,themainventilationfansforcoalminesarerequired,bylaw,tobeplacedonsurfaceandmayalsobesubjecttootherrestrictionssuchasbeinglocatedoutoflinewiththeconnectedshaftordriftandequippedwith"blow-out"panelstohelpprotectthefanincaseofamineexplosion.

StoppingsandSeals:

Indevelopingamine,connectionsarenecessarilymadebetweenintakesandreturns.Whenthesearenolongerrequiredforaccessorventilation,theyshouldbeblockedbystoppingsinordertopreventshort-circuitingoftheairflow.Stoppingscanbeconstructedfrommasonry,concreteblocksorfireproofedtimberblocks.Prefabricatedsteelstoppingsmayalsobeemployed.Stoppingsshouldbewellkeyedintotheroof,floorandsides,particularlyifthestrataareweakorincoalminesliabletospontaneouscombustion.Leakagecanbereducedbycoatingthehighpressurefaceofthestoppingwithasealantmaterialandparticularattentionpaidtotheperimeter.Hereagain,inweakorchemicallyactivestrata,suchcoatingsmaybeextendedtotherocksurfacesforafewmetresbackfromthestopping.Incaseswheretheairwaysareliabletoconvergence,precautionsshouldbetakentoprotectstoppingsagainstprematurefailureorcracking.Thesemeasurescanvaryfrom"crushpads"locatedatthetopofthestoppingtoslidingordeformablepanelsonprefabricatedstoppings.Inallcases,componentsofstoppingsshouldbefireproofandshouldnotproducetoxicfumeswhenheated.

Asashorttermmeasure,fire-resistantbratticecurtainsmaybetackedtoroof,sidesandfloortoprovidetemporarystoppingswherepressuredifferentialsarelowsuchasinlocationsclosetotheworkingareas.

Whereabandonedareasofaminearetobeisolatedfromthecurrentventilationinfrastructure,sealsshouldbeconstructedattheentrancesoftheconnectingairways.Ifrequiredtobeexplosion-proof,theseconsistoftwoormorestoppings,5to10metresapart,withtheinterveningspaceoccupiedbysand,stonedust,compactednon-flammablerockwaste,cement-basedfillorothermanufacturedmaterial.Steelgirders,lacedbetweenroofandflooraddstructuralstrength.Groutingthesurroundingstrataaddstotheintegrityofthesealinweakground.Incoalmines,mininglaworprudentregardforsafetymayrequiresealstobeexplosion-proof.

Doorsandairlocks：

Whereaccessmustremainavailablebetweenanintakeandareturnairway,astoppingmaybefittedwithaventilationdoor.Initssimplestform,thisismerelyawoodenorsteeldoorhingedsuchthatitopenstowardsthehigherairpressure.Thisself-closingfeatureissupplementedbyanglingthehingessothatthedoorliftsslightlywhenopenedandclosesunderitsownweight.Itisalsoadvisabletofitdoorswithlatchestopreventtheiropeningincasesofemergencywhenthedirectionofpressuredifferentialsmaybereversed.Contouredflexiblestripsattachedalongthebottomofthedoorassistinreducingleakage,particularlywhentheairwayisfittedwithrailtrack.

Ventilationdoorslocatedbetweenmainintakesandreturnsareusuallybuiltasasetoftwoormoretoformanairlock.Thispreventsshort-circuitingwhenonedoorisopenedforpassageofvehiclesorpersonnel.Thedistancebetweendoorsshouldbecapableofaccommodatingthelongesttrainofvehiclesrequiredtopassthroughtheairlock.Forhigherpressuredifferentials,multipledoorsalsoallowthepressurebreaktobesharedbetweendoors.

Mechanizeddoors,openedbypneumaticorelectricalmeansareparticularlyconvenientforthepassageofvehiculartrafficorwherethesizeofthedoororairpressurewouldmakemanualoperationdifficult.Mechanicallyoperateddoorsmay,again,beside-hingedortaketheformofrolluporconcertinadevices.Theymaybeactivatedmanuallybyapull-ropeorautomaticsensingofanapproachingvehicleorperson.Largedoorsmaybefittedwithsmallerhingedopeningsforaccessbypersonnel.Man-doorsexposedtothehigherpressuredifferentialsmaybedifficulttoopenmanually.Insuchcases,aslidingpanelmaybefittedinordertoreducethatpressuredifferentialtemporarilywhilethedoorisopened.Interlockdevicescanalsobeemployedonanairlocktopreventalldoorsfrombeingopenedsimultaneously.

Cfdappliedtoventilationsystems：

DuetorecentadvancesincomputerprocessingpowerCFDhasbeenusedtosolveawiderangeoflargeandcomplexflowproblemsacrossmanybranchesofengineering（Moloneyet.al.1997/98/99）.Theincreaseinprocessorspeedhasalsoenabledthedevelopmentofimprovedpostprocessingandgraphicaltechniqueswithwhichtovisualizetheresultsproducedbythesemodels.RecentresearchworkhasemployedCFDmodels,validatedbyscaleandfull-scaleexperiments,torepresenttheventilationflowsandpollutantdispersionpatternswithinundergroundminenetworks.Inparticular,studiesbyMoloney（1997）demonstratedthatvalidatedCFDmodelswereabletosuccessfullyreplicatetheventilationflowsandgaseouspollutantdispersionpatternsobservedwithinauxiliaryventilatedrapiddevelopmentdrivages.CFDhasprovenacapablemethodbywhichtoidentifydetailedcharacteristicsoftheflowwithincriticalareassuchasthecuttingface.TheresultsproducedbytheCFDmodelswereabletodemonstratetherelativeefficiencyofthedifferentauxiliaryventilationconfigurationsinthedilution,dispersionandtransportofthemethaneanddustfromthedevelopmentface.FurtherrecentstudiesbyMoloneyet.al.（1999）havedemonstratedthatsuchvalidatedCFDmodelsmaybeusedtosimulatetheairflowandpollutantdispersiondataforawiderangeofminingandventilationconfigurations.Eachsimulationexerciseproduceslargesetsofvelocity,pressureandpollutantconcentrationdata.

⑵FiresMethodsofControl

Firesthatoccurinmineairwaysusuallycommencefromasinglepointofignition.Theinitialfireisoftenquitesmalland,indeed,mostfiresareextinguishedrapidlybypromptlocalaction.Speedisoftheessence.Anenergeticignitionthatremainsundetected,evenforonlyafewminutes,candevelopintoaconflagrationthatbecomesdifficultorimpossibletodealwith.Sealingoffthedistrictorminemaythenbecomeinevitable.

Themajorityoffirescanbeextinguishedquicklyifpromptactionistaken.Thisunderlinestheimportanceoffiredetectionsystems,training,awell-designedfirefightingsystemandthereadyavailabilityoffullyoperationalfirefightingequipment.Fireextinguishersofanappropriatetypeshouldbeavailableonvehiclesandontheupstreamsideofallzonesofincreasedfirehazard.Theseincludestorageareasandfixedlocationsofequipmentsuchaselectricalorcompressorstationsandconveyorgearheads.

Neitherwaternorfoamshouldbeusedwhereelectricityisinvolveduntilitiscertainthatthepowerhasbeenswitchedoff.Fireextinguishersthatemploycarbondioxideordrypowdersaresuitableforelectricalfiresorthoseinvolvingflammableliquids.

Delugeandsprinklersystemscanbeveryeffectiveinareasoffixedequipment,storesandoverconveyors.Theseshouldbeactivatedbythermalsensorsratherthansmokeorgasdetectorsinordertoensurethattheyareoperatedonlywhenopencombustionoccursinthenearvicinity.

Exceptwhereelectricityorflammableliquidsareinvolved,wateristhemostcommonmediumof