步步高湖南专用高考英语二轮 专题知识与增分策略阅读理解第二部分 主旨大意题文档格式.docx
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阅读理解文章的句子原汁原味、语言地道、纯正优美,而且篇章结构和句子结构都有一定的难度。
各篇或在时间顺序上,或在空间顺序上,或在逻辑推理上,均使用了较高级的组篇手段。
结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等也随处可见。
3.细节为主,推理随后,主旨突出
阅读理解题型分布合理,以细节理解题和推理判断题为主,主旨大意题几乎每年都考。
各个题型的分布已逐步成熟且趋于平稳。
阅读理解分为五大题型:
主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和篇章结构题。
考点1 主旨大意之精确归纳标题
真题解密
Harvardresearchershavecreatedatough,lowcost,biodegradable(可生物降解的)materialinspiredbyinsects’hardoutershells.Thematerial’sinventorssayithasanumberofpossibleusesandsomedaycouldprovideamoreenvironmentallyfriendlyalternativetoplastic.Thematerial,madefromshrimp(虾)shellsandproteinsproducedfromsilk,iscalled“shrilk”.Itisthin,clear,flexibleandstrong.
Amajorbenefitofthematerialisitsbiodegradability.Plastic’stoughnessandflexibilityrepresentedarevolutioninmaterialsscienceduringthe1950sand’60s.Decadeslater,however,plastic’sverydurability(耐用性)israisingquestionsabouthowappropriateitisforonetimeproductssuchasplasticbags,orshortlivedconsumergoods,usedinthehomeforafewyearsandthencastintoalandfillwheretheywilldegradeforcenturies.Whatisthepointofmakingsomethingthatlasts1,000years?
Shrilknotonlywilldegradeinalandfill,butitsbasiccomponentsareusedasfertilizer(肥料),andsowillenrichthesoil.
Shrilkhasgreatpotential,theinventorssaid.Materialsfromwhichitismadeareplentifulinnature,foundineverythingrangingfromshrimpshells,insectbodiestolivingplants.Thatmakesshrilklowcost,anditsmassproductionpossibleshoulditbeusedforproductsdemandingalotofmaterial.
Workonshrilkiscontinuinginthelab.Theinventorssaidthematerialbecomesflexiblewhenwet,sothey’reexploringwaystouseitinwetenvironments.They’realsodevelopingsimplerproductionprocesses,whichcouldbeusedfornonmedicalproducts,likeforcomputercasesandotherproductsinsidethehome.They’reevenexploringcombiningitwithothermaterials,likecarbonfibers,togiveitnewproperties.(2012·
湖南,C)
66.Paragraph1ofthepassageismainlyaboutshrilk’s________.
A.remarkabledesignB.interestingname
C.majorfeaturesD.basicelements
答案 C
解析 段落大意题。
第一段中的众多字眼,如tough,lowcost,biodegradable,thin,clear,flexible和strong等均是用来描述这种新材料特点的。
而关于它的设计并未提及;
这种材料的名字在本段中有所涉及,但并非本段的中心;
此外,本段简单介绍了制作这种材料的物质,并未大篇幅进行讲解,也不是本段的中心。
67.Whathasbecomeaconcernaboutplastic?
A.Usingitproperly.
B.Producingitcheaply.
C.Developingitspropertiesquickly.
D.Evaluatingitscontributionsfairly.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。
根据第二段第三句可知,塑料的耐用性让人们对如何合理、恰当地使用诸如塑料袋等一些一次性产品的问题开始关注。
A项意为“恰当地使用”,是人们所关注的问题,符合题目要求。
B项意为“便宜地生产”;
C项意为“迅速发展其性能”;
D项意为“公平地评估它的贡献”,均未在文中提及。
68.Accordingtotheinventors,shrilkhasgreatpotentialpartlybecause________.
A.itcanhelpplasticdegrade
B.itcanbefoundinlivingthings
C.itsmassproductionhasbeenrealized
D.itsrawmaterialsareabundantinnature
答案 D
根据第四段第二句“Materialsfromwhichitismadeareplentifulinnature...”可以看出,新材料的发明者之所以说这种材料很有潜力,主要是因为制作它的原材料在自然界中很容易找到,有大量的原材料可供使用。
69.Whataretheinventorsdoinginthelab?
A.Replacingcarbonfiberswithshrilk.
B.Testingshrilk’suseinwetconditions.
C.Makingshrilkoutofusedhouseholdgoods.
D.Improvingshrilk’sflexibilityformedicalpurposes.
答案 B
根据最后一段第二句“...they’reexploringwaystouseitinwetenvironments.”可知,现在研究者正在实验室对该种材料在潮湿环境下的应用进行探索和研究。
70.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.RecentProgressinEnvironmentalProtection
B.BenefitsofInsectsinScientificResearch
C.TheHarmofOnetimeProducts
D.APossibleAlternativetoPlastic
解析 主旨大意题。
A选项意为“在环境保护方面的最新进展”,题目太宽泛;
B选项意为“科研中昆虫的好处”,并未提到新材料;
C选项意为“一次性产品的危害”,尽管文章中有所涉及,但文章大部分的笔墨都是围绕这种新材料进行的描述,故该标题太片面。
D选项意为“塑料的一种可替代品”,符合文章主旨。
技巧归纳
(1)利用主题段来概括标题
主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段,一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题,知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心,把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。
(2)利用主题句来概括标题
解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句,要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。
通过寻找文章的主题句,并对主题句进行概括和提炼,从而确定文章的标题。
做此类题时,要避免以下三种错误:
(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体,从而缩小了范围);
(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);
(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。
趁热打铁
Argentinainthelatenineteenthcenturywasanexcitingplace.Around1870,itwasexperiencinganeconomic(经济的)boom,andthecapital,BuenosAires,attractedmanypeople.Farmers,aswellasafloodofforeignersfromSpainandItaly,cametoBuenosAiresseekingjobs.Thesejobsdidn’tpaywell,andthepeoplefeltlonelyanddisappointedwiththeirnewlifeinthecity.Astheunhappynewcomersmixedtogetherinthepoorpartsofthecity,thedanceknownasthetango(探戈舞)cameintobeing.
Atthebeginningthetangowasadanceofthelowerclasses.Itwasdancedinthebarsandstreets.Atthattimethereweremanyfewerwomenthanmen,soifamandidn’twanttobeleftout,hisonlychoicewastodancewithanothermansothathecouldattracttheattentionofthefewavailablewomen.Gradually,thedancespreadintotheupperclassesofArgentineansocietyandbecamemorerespectable.
InEuropeatthistime,stronginterestindancefromaroundtheworldwasbeginning.ThisinterestininternationaldancewasespeciallyevidentinParis.Everykindofdancefromballet(芭蕾舞)tobellydancingcouldbefoundonthestagesoftheParistheaters.AftertangodancersfromArgentinaarrivedinEurope,theybegantodrawtheinterestofthepublicastheyperformedtheirexcitingdanceincafes.Thoughnoteveryoneapprovedofthenewdance,sayingitwasalittletooshocking,thedancedidfindenoughsupporterstomakeitpopular.
Thepopularity(流行)ofthetangocontinuedtogrowinmanyotherpartsoftheworld.SoldierswhoreturnedtotheUnitedStatesfromWorldWarⅠbroughtthetangotoNorthAmerica.ItreachedJapanin1926,andin2003theArgentineanembassyinSeoulhiredalocaltangodancertoactasakindofdanceambassador,andpromotetangodancingthroughoutSouthKorea.(2013·
安徽,E)
72.Theoriginofthetangoisassociatedwith________.
A.bellydancers
B.Americansoldiers
C.aSpanishcity
D.thecapitalofArgentina
由第一段可知,阿根廷首都布宜诺斯艾利斯是探戈舞的发源地。
73.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthetango?
A.ItwascreatedbyforeignersfromSpainandItaly.
B.Peopleoftheupperclasseslovedthetangomost.
C.Itwasoftendancedbytwomalesinthebeginning.
D.AdancerinSeoulbecametheArgentineanambassador.
由第二段中的“...soifamandidn’twanttobeleftout,hisonlychoicewastodancewithanotherman...”可知。
74.BeforeWorldWarⅠ,thetangospreadto________.
A.AmericaB.Japan
C.FranceD.SouthKorea
由第三段中的“ThisinterestininternationaldancewasespeciallyevidentinParis...”可知。
75.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.HowtoDancetheTango
B.TheHistoryoftheTango
C.HowtoPromotetheTango
D.TheModernTangoBoom
解析 标题归纳题。
本文主要讲述了探戈舞的发展史。
考点2 主旨大意之概括文章大意
Stillseekingadestinationforyourweekendbreak?
Therearesomeplaceswhichareprobablyamerewalkawayfromyourcollege.
King’sArtCentre
AdayattheCentrecouldmeanavisittoanexhibitionoftheworkofoneofthemostinterestingcontemporaryartistsonshowanywhere.Thisweekendseestheopeningofanexhibitionoffourlocalartists.
Youcouldattendaclassteachingyouhowto“learnfromthemasters”orgetmorecreativewithpaint—freeofcharge.
TheCentrealsorunstwolifedrawingclassesforwhichthereisasmallfee.
TheBotanicGarden
TheGardenhasover8,000plantspecies;
itholdstheresearchandteachingcollectionoflivingplantsforCambridgeUniversity.
ThemultibranchedTorchAloehereisimpressive.TheAfricanplantproducesredflowersabovebluegreenleaves,andisnotonetomiss.
GettothedisplayhousetoseeDionaeamuscipula,aplantmorecommonlyknownastheVenusFlytrapthatfeedsoninsectsandothersmallanimals.
TheGardenisalsoaplaceforwildlifeenthusiasts.Lookforgrasssnakesinthelake.Asnakecalled“HissingSid”isregularlyseenlyingintheheatofthewarmsun.
Byron’sPool
ManystoriessurroundLordByron’stimeasastudentofCambridgeUniversity.Arrivingin1805,hewrotealettercomplainingthatitwasaplaceof“messanddrunkenness”.However,itseemsasthoughByrondidmanagetopassthetimepleasantlyenough.I’mnotjusttalkingaboutthepetbearhekeptinhisrooms.Hespentagreatdealoftimewalkinginthevillage.
ItisalsosaidthatonoccasionByronswamnakedbymoonlightinthelake,whichisnowknownasByron’sPool.AcoupleofmilespastGrantchesterinthesouthCambridgeshirecountryside,thepoolissurroundedbybeautifulcircularpathsaroundthefields.Thecriesofinvisiblebirdsmakethetripalovelyexperienceandonthewayhomeyoucandropintothevillageforafternoontea.Ifyoudon’ttrustme,thenperhapsyou’lltakeitfromVirginiaWoolf—overacenturyafterByron,shereportedlytookatriptoswiminthesamepool.
(2012·
湖南,B)
61.Asmentionedinthepassage,thereisasmallchargefor________.
A.attendingthemasters’class
B.workingwithlocalartists
C.learninglifedrawing
D.seeinganexhibition
根据第一条信息第三段中的“...twolifedrawingclassesforwhichthereisasmallfee.”可知,学习人体素描需要支付一点儿学费。
其他各选项均未提及收费问题。
62.“TorchAloe”and“VenusFlytrap”are________.
A.commoninsectsB.impressiveplants
C.rarelyseensnakesD.wildlifeenthusiasts
根据第二条信息第二段中提及TorchAloe时,用到“TheAfricanplantproduces...”以及第三段中的“aplantmorecommonlyknownasthe