Prinston综合写作练习8篇Word文档下载推荐.docx

Prinston综合写作练习8篇Word文档下载推荐.docx

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First,privatespacetravelwillbenefitseriousexplorationbymakingspaceflightcheaper.Privatizationofspacetechnologywillbringtechnologicalcostsdownveryfastbecauseitwillallowcompetition—andcompetitionisoneofthestrongestmotivatorstocutcosts.Thus,loweringthecostofspacetravelwillbenefitnotonlyspacetouristsbutalsoscientists,whowillbeabletouseprivatespaceflightsforresearchpurposes.

Furthermore,privatizationofspacetravelwillacceleratetherateatwhichimportantscientificdiscoveriesoccur.Theaerospaceindustryalreadysponsorsalotofgroundbreakingscientificresearch,andaddingprivatespaceflightcompaniestoitwillmaketheindustryasawholegrowinsize,therebyemployingmorescientiststhanitdoesnow.Thatincreasednumberofworkingscientistsmeansnotonlythatmorediscoveriesarelikelytobemadebutalsothatthosediscoveriesarelikelytobemademorequicklythaninthepast.

Finally,whengovernmentsarethesoleprovidersofspacetravel,thecostsarepaidforbythewholetaxpayingpublic,butwithprivatization,theexpensesofspacetravelwillbebornebythecustomersoftheindustry.Thefactthatprivatespaceflightoperatorswillbeabletoraisefundsthroughticketsalesmeansthatthefinancialburdenontaxpayerswillbeeasedsignificantly.

阅读部分要点记录

Listening1

Professor:

Well,itlooksasthoughwe’llsoonseeprivatespaceshipscarryingtouristsintospace.Butwillitreallyprovidegreatbenefitsforseriousscienceandforthepublic?

Idon’tthinkso.

First,privatizedspacetravel,whichisextraordinarilyexpensive,islikelytostaythatway.Foronething,commercialspacetravelwillrequireanelaboratespacetraffic-controlsystemtopreventcollision—andthedevelopmentandoperationofsuchasystemwon’tcomecheapeither.Anotherthingthat’llkeepcostshighistestedandretested—andthatalsotendstobeaveryexpensiveprocess.Bothofthosecostswillbereflectedinthepricesofthespaceflighttickets,sonooneshouldexpectthecostofspaceflightstogodownfast.

Second,ifcommercialspaceflighthasanyeffectatallontherateofscientificdiscoveryandinnovation,itwillbetodelayorevenpreventsuchdiscoveryandinnovation.Ifthebestandthebrightestengineersgetluredawayfromgovernmentspaceprogramsbythehighsalariesofferedbyprivate,for-profitcompanies,theymightendupworkingoncommercialstuffthatdoesn’thavemuchscientificvalue.Andasaresult,seriousspaceresearchmightactuallysuffer.

Andfinally,willthetaxpayingpublicgetoffthehookfinancially?

Nochance!

Thefactisthatso-calledprivatespacetourismisn’tpossiblewithouthugepublictaxsubsidies.Itwilltakebillionsandbillionsofdollarstobuildspacestations,spaceairports,andsoon,andprivateinvestorssimplycannotraisesuchhugeamounts.Sotheburdenontaxpayerswon’tbesignificantlyeasedwiththedevelopmentoftheprivatespaceflightindustry.Infact,alltaxpayerswillbepayingmoretosubsidizethevacationsofthespacetourists.

听力部分要点记录

Reading2

Educatorshavelongrecognizedthathighschoolcanbeadifficultexperienceformanystudents.Alongwiththestressofchallengingacademicwork,highschoolcanalsobeasourceofsocial,emotional,andevenfinancialstress.Oneeffectivewayofdecreasingthesenonacademickindsofstressistorequirestudentstowearaschooluniformsothatallstudentswearbasicallythesameclothing.

Oneofthemostobviousbenefitsofsuchapolicyisthatitmakeshighschoolmoreaffordableforbothstudentsandtheirparents.Clothing,especiallytrendy,fashionableclothing,isveryexpensive,andteenagersusuallywanttohaveseveraldifferentoutfitsintheirwardrobes—forsome,themorethebetter.Whenthereisnopossibilityofdressingfashionablyatschool,astudent’sclothingbillwillgodowndrastically.

Furthermore,wearingthesameschooluniformaseveryoneelseeliminatesasignificantsourceofdiscomfortandself-consciousnessformanyteenagers:

theuncertaintythatwhattheyarewearingis“right”.Suchanxietyinterfereswithastudent’sabilitytoactinwaysthatshowhisorherpersonalitytoadvantage.

Finally,amandatoryschool-uniformpolicywillreducetheamountofteasingandbullyingamongstudents.Currently,manystudentsareteasedorpoutdownsimplybecausetheydressdifferentlyfromeveryoneelseorbecausetheycan’taffordtodresslikethemajority.Onceallstudentswearthesameuniform,therewillbesuchlessopportunityforthesekindsofintimidatingbehaviors.

Listening2

Whatyou’vejustreadreallyiswaytoooptimistic.It’srathereasytopokeholesinthereasoning.Firstoff,schooluniformsarethemselvesoftenquitecostly—usuallytheyareonlyavailablefromcertainselectstores.Plus,whatkindofclotheswillstudentsputonafterschoolwhentheygomeettheirfriends?

Well,ifyoucan’tdresstrendyatschool,it’sevenlikelyyou’llwanttodothatafterschool.Sokidswillstilldemandafullwardrobeoffashionableafter-schoolclothesinadditiontotheiruniforms.

Totakeupanotherpoint,doingawaywithdifferencesindresscanaffectsomestudentsquitenegatively.Manystudentsmayfeelveryuncomfortable—mightevenfeelself-conscious—abouthowtheylookwhentheyarenotallowedtoselecttheclothesthattheywear.Formany,choosingclothingisnotamatterofmakingafashionstatement;

itissimplyawayofpresentingthemselvesinwaystheyfeelwillcallattentiontowhattheyconsidertheirattractivefeatures—plustheyfeeltheycanalsoselectclothingtode-emphasizeotherfeaturestheyperhapslikelessaboutthemselves.Soschooluniformscanactuallyendupincreasingself-consciousnessanddiscomfortamongstudents.

Finally,studentswillalwayspickonotherstudents.Dividingintogroups,teasingandbullyingotherforbeingdifferent—thesearethingsteenagerseverywheredobecausetheyareatthatparticularstageoflife.Ifstudentscannotpickondifferencesindress,theywillsurelyfindotherthingstopickon—thingslikechoiceinmusicorthekindofbackpackbroughttoschool—anyofthesecaneasilytakeonasmuchimportanceasclothing.

Reading3

Donatingpartofone’sincometopubliccauses,knownascharitablegiving,usedtobeacommonpractice.But,intheUnitedStatescharitablegivinghasdeclinedsubstantiallyinrecentyears,and,forseveralreasons,itisunlikelytoincreaseinthefuture.

Onereasonthatcharitablegivinghasfallenissimplythatthereislessneedforcharitablegiving,becausetheUnitedStatesgovernmentnowprovidesmostoftheimportantpublicservices.Thegovernmentassumesmuchoftheresponsibilityforfeedingthepoor,providinghealthcare,andtakingcareofthevictimsofnaturaldisasters—functionsthatcharitiesusedtoperform.Thesegovernmentinstitutionsofsocialwelfarearepermanent,andsothediminishedneedforprivatecharitablegivingwillalsobepermanent.

Anotherreasonpeopleare,andwillbe,givinglesstocharitiesisthatinthepastfewyearstherehavebeenhighlypublicizeddisclosuresthatthemanagersofsomeprominentnationalcharitieswerereceivinghugesalariesandotherbenefitsaslargeorlargerthansalariesofheadsofmajorfor-profitcorporations.Thesesalariesandexpensesfortravel,fancyoffices,andadvertisingsignificantlyreducethepercentageofdonatedmoneythatwenttocharitablepurposes.Naturallypeoplehavebeenturnedoffbytheseexcessesandinefficiencies.

Finally,beyondtheshortcomingsoflegitimatecharities,therehasbeenanincreasingnumberoffraudulentsolicitationsbyorganizationsorindividualswhomerelyposeascharities.Asaresult,peoplearenowbecomingskepticalevenaboutwhatareinfactlegitimateappealsforsupport.Sopotentialdonorsarestartingtogivelessandgivelessfrequently.Andsincetheincidenceofcharityfraudseemstobeincreasing,wecanexpectfurtherdeclinesincharitablegivingaspeoplebecomemoreconcernedthattheyarebeingtakenadvantageof.

Listening3

There’snodoubtthatgivingtocharitieshasdeclinedinrecentyears,buttherearegoodreasonstothinkit’llsoonbegintogoup.

Consider,forexample,thefactthatthenumberofelderlyandretiredpeopleinoursocietykeepsgrowing.Rightnow,elderlycitizenswhocan’taffordhealthcareoftenrelyongovernmentprogramstopayforit.Butastheelderlypopulationgrows,governmentprogramsprobablywon’tbeabletocoverthehealthassistance,Americansrespondtothatneed.Andsincetheneedwillbeincreasing,weshouldexpecttoseecharitablegivingriseaccordingly.

There’sanotherreasontobeoptimisticaboutthefutureofcharitablegiving.Thedisclosuresofwasteandbadmanagementatmajorcharities,andpeople’sangeratthiswaste,areproducingsignificantreforms.Overpaidmanagershavebeenforcedtoresignbythebadpublicity.Charitiesarereducingtheirexpensesandarenowsubjecttocloserpublicscrutiny.Asaresult,peopleareregainingconfidencethatthemoneytheydonatewillsupportthecausestheycareabout.

People’sreactiontocharityfraudi