美国文学第一阶段课件Word文档下载推荐.docx

美国文学第一阶段课件Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Otherimportantbooksyoucanenjoywhenyouhavetime.

1.Scarletletter

2.TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinn

3.TheRedBadgeofCourage

4.SisterCarrie

5.AnAmericanTragedy

6.MartinEden

7.TheOldManandtheSea

8.TheCatcherintheRye

⏹Purposesofreadingliterature

⏹WhatIsLiterature

⏹BasicCharacteristicsofAmericanWriters

⏹Genres

Whatisliterature?

Literaturecomesfromhumaninterestintellingastory,inarrangingwordsinartisticforms,indescribinginwordssomeaspectsofourhumanexperiences.Therefore,wecandefineliteratureaslanguageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.Itischaracterizedbybeautyofexpressionandformandbyuniversalityofintellectualandemotionalappeal.

⏹Literaturereferstowell-structuredlanguagewithartisticqualities,areflectionoflifeandhumannature.

Purposesofreadingliterature.

⏹1.Escapingtheproblemandresponsibilityofoureverydaylivesandparticipatinginimaginativeworldofexperiencethatdiffersgreatlyfromourown.TheWindintheWillows,AJourneytotheWest,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,etc

⏹2.Gaininginformationorknowledge:

PrideandPrejudice,TheRedChamberDream（orADreamoftheRedMansion）

⏹3.Helpstoshapeandchangeourattitudesandexpectations（tolife）andbecomewiserandmoresympathetic.

⏹4.Gainingaestheticpleasure.Throughliterature,weareinspiredtoperceivethebeautyoftheworldwhichinturnwillhelpustotranscendthetroublesandsorrowsofthepresentworld.

⏹5.Readingforpleasure（entertainment）andrelaxation.

⏹6.Readingforconfrontingexperience.

⏹7.Readingforprofoundunderstandingabouthumannature,knowyourself.

Fiction:

⏹Thedefinition

⏹Theelementsoffiction:

plot,character,setting,pointofview,theme,symbol,styleandtone

Whatisfiction?

⏹Narrowlyspeaking,fictionreferstotheshortstoryandthenovel（comingoutinthelate18thcentury）;

broadlyspeaking,itreferstoanynarrative,inprose（novel,shortstory,drama,biography,history）orinverse（epic,ballad,idyll,dramaticmonologue）,thatiswhollyorinparttheproductoftheimagination.

Plot:

Theplotofaworkoffictionisthedeliberatelyarrangedofinterrelatedeventsthatconstitutethebasicnarrativestructureofanovelorashortstory.Themajorfunctionofplotcanbesaidtobetherepresentationofcharactersinaction,internal（psychological）,orexternal（physical）.

Differencebetweenstoryandplot:

Aplotisawell-arrangednarrativeofevents,whichemphasizeslogicalandcausal（concernedwithcauses---with‘whys’:

“Thekingdied,andthenthequeendiedofgrief.”.

Astoryisanarrativeofeventsarrangedintheirtime-sequence.Itcanonlysupplycuriosity.“Thekingdiedandseveralyearslater,thequeendied,too.

ElementofPlot:

Explanation:

1.Exposition:

theexpositionisthebeginningsectioninwhichtheauthorprovidesthenecessarybackgroundinformation,setsthescene,establishesthesituation,anddatestheaction.

2.Complication（therisingaction）:

theconflictisdevelopedgraduallyandintensified.

3.Crisis（climax）:

theplotreachesitspointofgreatestemotionalintensity.Itistheturningpointoftheplot.

4.Fallingaction:

thetensionsubsidesandtheplotmovestowarditsappointedconclusion.

5.Resolution（conclusion）“unknotting&

untying”.Itrecordstheoutcomeoftheconflictandestablishessomenewstability.

AnExample:

MartinEden（byJackLondon）:

MartinandRuth’sfirstmeetingthroughArthur（exposition）------fellinloveandbegantowrite（risingaction）-----theMorsesforcedRuthtocancelherengagement,famousthenrich（climax）----lifemeaninglessandaimless（fallingaction）----suicide（resolution）

Orders:

TheOrderingofPlot:

1.Chronologicalorder（physicaltime）:

detectivestory,historicalnovels（1-2-3-4-5-6）

2.Psychologicalorder（psychologicaltime）.Internalconflict（theconflictisinsidetheprotagonist’smind.“streamofconsciousness”（randomflowofideas,feelings）

Ulyses,TotheLighthouse,ThesoundandtheFury.

5.Flashback

RelevantFactorsConcernedwithplot:

Expectation:

Expectationoccurswhenanauthorleadsyoutothinkthatsomeparticularthingisgoingtohappen.Youwillknowthatanauthorisleadingyoutoexpectsomethingifyoufindyourselfasking:

Iwonderwhatshewilldo,orIwonderifthatisgoingtohappentohim?

Expectationcanbeexcitingandcancreatetensioninthereader.

Interest:

Interestmeansanywayinwhichyourespondtoacharacter;

itcouldbeloathing,tenderness,pityorfrustration.Itcoversfeelingsofapprovalanddisapproval,likingandnotliking,hatredandlove.Ifyouareinterestedinacharacter,youareconcernedaboutwhathappenstohimorher.

Surprise:

Sometimesthecharactersinwhomweareinteresteddonotdowhatweexpect;

theresultissurprise.Otherthingsinastorymaysurpriseus.Theremaybeanunexpectedevent,ortheappearanceofanewcharacter.Oncewearesurprised,wewillalterourattitudetothecharactersandourexpectationsofthestory.Itforcesustothinkagainaboutwhatwearereading.Youaresupposedtoacceptthembecausetheyarecrucialtotheplotofthenovel.

Relief:

Ifexpectationholdsyourinterest,itisbecauseyouwishtoberelievedfromthetensionsitcreates.

Reliefistherelaxingoftensionthatyouexperiencewhenyoudiscovertheoutcomeofthestory.Itisasimpleandbasicexperience.Youwantedtoknowsomethingandnowyoudo;

youfearedsomethingandnowyoueitherknowithashappenedornot;

youhopedforsomethingtohappenandnowyouhaveeitherbeensatisfiedordisappointed.Youexperiencereliefwhethertheoutcomeissadornot.

PlotsandthePastevents

Plotsandpastevents:

Nobodycanchangethepast.What’sdoneisdone.Somecharacterscannotescapefromthepast,bethepastwhattheyhavedonethemselvesorwhatotherpeoplehavedone.Theysufferfromthepasteventsallthetime;

somecansuccessfullycomeoutofthepast,andleadanewlife.

Plotsandtheaimsofcharacters:

Nomatternowdifferentnovelsareinsettingandtone,manyofthemsharethecommonfactorofacentralcharacterwhoattemptstoachievesomething,whichturnsouttobethecauseoftheplot.

Somewanttoobtainmorepowerandinfluence,somewanttowinbacklove,othersaimatself-knowledge,soonandsoforth.

FourKindsofplots:

1.Plotsbasedonjourneys:

Someoftheearliernovelsareeitherbaseduponajourneyoruponthelifeofacentralcharacterwho,sotospeak,journeysthroughanumberofexperiences.Suchbooksareoftencalledpicaresquenovels.Nowthetermhasbeenextendedtocoveranycharacterwhohasaseriesofadventuresonajourneyorthroughlife.Usuallythesenovelshavesimpleplots,andthecentralcharactershaveattractiveenergy

2.Plotsbasedondiscoveries:

manynovelsshowthecentralcharactersmakingdiscoveriesaboutlife.Insomenovelsidealsareshattered,inothersfalseideasarerecognizedandreplacedbytruerones.Thereadercanfeelthepleasureinwitnessingacharacter’sdevelopment,growthinunderstanding,andmaturation.

3.Plotsbasedontheworkingsofsociety:

Mostplotsdealwithsocietyinonewayoranother.Thereare,however,somenovelsinwhichoneofthecentralconcernsoftheplotistoexplorehowaparticularsocietyworks.Suchplotsmightshowwhysomecharactersprosperwhileothersdonot.Thepointaboutplotsbasedontheworkingsofsocietyisthatcharactersbehaveastheydobecauseofthewaysocietyruns

4.Plotsbasedonmysteries:

Novelsinwhichsomethingsremainmysteriouslyhiddenfromthecharactersandthereaderhaveanenormouspopularappeal.Thefactisthatwelikemysteries.Thereispleasureinbeingheldinsuspense.InSherlockHolmesstories,theproblemsandtheirintricatesolutionsgenerateagreatdealofpleasure,simplybecausethereaderwantsthemysterytobesolved.Theplotbaseduponmysteryworksbyallowingthereadertoseethattheremustbeacausebehindtheeventswhilekeepingthecauseconcealed.Theformulais:

theremustbeacause,butitismysteriouslyhidden.Mysteriesarousethereader’sexpectationsandincreasethetensionofthebook,whiletheunravelingofthemysterycreatessurpriseandrelief.

AnalyzingPlot:

⏹Whatistheconflict（orconflicts）onwhichtheplotturns?

Isitexternal,internal,orsomecombinationofthetwo?

⏹Whatarethechiefepisodesorincidentsthatmakeuptheplot?

Isitsdevelopmentstrictlychronological,oristhechronologyrearrangedinsomeway?

⏹Comparetheplot’sbeginningandend.Whatessentialchangeshavetakenplace?

⏹Describetheplotintermsofitsexposition,complication,crises,fallingaction,andresolution.

⏹Istheplotunified?

Dotheindividualepisodeslogicallyrelatetooneanother?

⏹Istheendingappropriatetoandconsistentwiththerestoftheplot?

⏹Istheplotplausible?

Whatrole,ifany,dochanceandcoincidenceplay?

Character:

⏹Theimportanceofcharacter:

1.withoutcharactertherewouldbenoplot,hencenostory.

2.Withcharacter,weareconcernedwithbeingableto

（1）establishthenatureandpersonalitiesofthecharactersthemselves,theirintellectual,emotionalandmoralqualities;

（2）themethodsandtechniquesanauthorusestocreate,develop,andpresentcharacterstothereader;

（3）whetherthecharacterssopresented