中英文翻译--工业机器人-精品.doc
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Industrialrobots
Therearevarietyofdefinitionsofthetermrobot.Dependingonthedefinitionused,thenumberofrobotinstallationsworldwidevarieswidely.Numeroussingle-purposemachinesareusedinmanufacturingplantsthatmightappeartoberobots.Thesemachinesarehardwriedtoperformasinglefunctionandcannotbereprogrammedtopreformadifferentfunction.Suchsingle-purposemachinesdonotfitthedefinitionforindustrialrobotsthatisbecomingwidelyaccepted.thisdefinitionwasdevelopedbytheRobotInstituteofAmerica.
Arobotisareprogrammablemultifunctionalmainipulatordesignedtomovematerial,parts,tools,orspecializeddevicesthroughvariableprogrammedmotionsfortheperformanceofavarietyoftasks.
Notethatthisdefinitioncontainsthewordsreprogrammableandmultifunctional.Itisthesetwocharacteristicsthatseparatethetureindustrialrobotfromthevarioussingle-purposemachinesusedinmodernmanufacturingfirms.Theterm“reprogrammable”impliestwothings:
Therobotoperatesaccordingtoawrittenprogram,andthisprogramcanberewrittentoaccommodateavarietyofmanufactureingtasks.
Theterm“multifunctional”meansthattherobotcan,throughreprogrammingandtheuseofdifferentend-effectors,performanumberofdifferentmanufacturingtasks.Definitionswrittenaroundthesetwocriticalcharacteristicsarebecomingtheaccpteddefinitionsamongmanufacturingprofessionals.
Thefirstarticulatedarmcameaboutin1951andwasusedbytheU.S.AtomicEnergyCommission.In1954,thefirstprogrammablerobotwasdesignedbyGeorgeDevol.Itwasbasedontwoimportanttechnologies:
(1)Numericalcontrol(NC)technology.
(2)Romotemanipulatortechnology.
Numericalcontorltechnologyprovidedaformofmachinecontrolideallysuitedtorobots.Itallowedforthecontrolofmotionbystoredprograms.Theseprogramscontaindatepointstowhichthesequentiallymoves,timingsignalsinitiateactionandtostopmovement,andlogicstaementstoallowfordecisionmaking.
RemotemanipulatortechnologyallowedamachinetobemorethanjustanotherNCmachine.Itallowedsuchmachinestobecomerobotsthatcanperformavarietyofmanufacturingtasksinbothinaccessibleandunsafeenvironments.Bymergingthesetwotechnologies,Devoldevelopedthefirstindustrialrobot,anunsophisticatedprogrammablematerialshandlingmachine.
Thefirstcommericallyproducedrobotwasdevelopedin1959.In1962,GeneralMotorsCorporation.ThisrobotwasproducedbyUnimation.Amajorstepforwordinrobotcontroloccurredin1973withthedevelopmentoftheT-3industrialrobotbyCincinnatiMilacron.TheT-3robotwasthefirstcommerciallyproducedindustrialrobotcontrolledbyaminicomputer.
Numericalcontrolandremotemanipulatortechnologypromptedthewide-scaledevelopmentanduseofindustrialrobots.Butmajortechnologicaldevelopmentsdonottakeplacesimplybecauseofsuchnewcapabilities.Somethingmustprovidetheimpetusfortakingadvantageofthesecapabilities.Inthecaseofindustrialrobots,theimpetuswaseconomics.
Therapidinflationofwagesexperiencedinthe1970stremendouslyincreasedthepersonnelcostsofmanufacturingfirms.Atthesametime,foreigncompetitionbecameaseriousproblemforU.S.manufacturers.Foreignmanufacturerswhohadundertakenautomationonawide-scalebasis,suchasthoseinJapan,begantogainanincreasinglylargeshareoftheU.S.andworldmarketformanufacturedgoods,particularlyautomobiles.
Throughavarietyofautomationtechniquesincludingrobots,Japanesemanufacturers,beginninginthe1970s,wereabletoproducebetterautomobilesmorecheaplythannonautomatedU.S.manufacturers.Consequently,inordertosurvive,U.S.manufacturerswereforcedtoconsideranytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatcouldhelpimproveproductivity.
Itbecameimperativetoproducebetterproductsatlowercostsinordertobecompetitivewithforeignmanufacturers.Otherfactorssuchastheneedtofindbetterwaysofperformingdangerousmanufacturingtaskscontributedtothedevelopmentofindustialrobots.However,theprincipalrationalehasalwaysbeen,andisstill,improvedproductivity.
Oneoftheprincipaladvantagesofrobotsisthattheycanbeusedinsettingsthataredangeroustohumans.Weldingandpartingareexamplesofapplicationswhererobotscanbeusedmoresafelythanhumans.Eventhoughrobotsarecloselyassociatedwithsafetyintheworkplace,theycan,inthemselves,bedangerous.
Robotsandrobotcellsmustbecarefullydesignedandconfiguredsothattheydonotendangerhumanworkersandothermachines.Robotworkenvelopsshouldbeaccuratelycalculatedandadangerzonesurroundingtheenvelopeclearlymarkedoff.Redflooringstripsandbarriescanbeusedtokeephumanworkersoutofarobot’sworkenvelope.
Evenwithsuchprecautio