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thepurposeoftheactivity;
theresultoftheactivity.](一系列活动;
活动的适当性;
活动的详细主题,实行者;
活动实行的外部手段;
指导主体与客体,活动的目的;
活动的结果。
))
3.Relationshipbetweenlanguage,cultureandthought.
3.1Relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought(languageispartofculture(knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customsandothercapabilitiesandhabits.),languageisthecarrierandcontaineroftheculture.[humanknowledgeandexperiencearedescribedandstoredinlanguage.];
asamirrorofculturelanguageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture.SuchasEskimo’ssnowworldandcameltotheArab;
languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture;
languageandcultureiscloselyrelated,eachinfluencingandshapingtheother.Alanguagecanneverbelearnedinaculturalvacuumandcultureislearnedthroughlanguage)
3.2Thought(thoughtisthefunctionandproductofthehumanbrain;
thoughtalsoreferstopatternsofideascharacteristicofasocialgroup.)
3.3Relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought(languageisaninstrumentusedinthecommunicationofthought.[withoutlanguagethoughtwouldhavenoform.Andothersbelievethatideascanexistwithoutlanguage];
languageiscloselyrelatedtothinking;
languagerepresentsthought,itisinfluencedandshapedbythought;
languageisusedforconveyingideas,soitsstructureandfunctionmustreflecttheseideas;
languagealsoexertsstronginfluenceonthought.)
3.4Concludingremarksontherelationshipbetweenlanguage,thoughtandculture.
(1)relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture
languageispartofculture
languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture,asamirrorofculture,languageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture.
Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture,languageandcultureiscloselyrelated,eachinfluencingandshapingtheother.
(2)relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought
languageisoninstrumentusedinthecommunicationofthought.
Languageiscloselyrelatedtothinking
Sincelanguagerepresentsthought,itisinfluencedandshapedbythought.
Languageisusedforconveyingideas,soitsstructureandfunctionmustreflectthereideas,languagealsoexertsstronginfluenceonthought.
4.interculturalcommunication(itisabranchofcommunication,itdrawstheories,concepts,andmethods,culturalanthropology,journalism,philosophy,history,ethnography,andinternationalrelations.Itisconcernedwithcommunicationamongthepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackground.)
5.Exercise
Chapter2.WordsandMeaning
1.Whatarewordsandmeaning?
1.1Word(itisintuitivelyrecognizablearebasicunitsofmeaning.)
1.2Meaning(wordsrepresentmeaning.Itisincludedconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.)
1.2.1ConceptualMeaning(概念)(isthebasicmeaningpresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits.)
Associativemeaningincludedthecontentsasfollow:
1.2.2Connotativemeaning(内涵意义):
(isthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Suchas“women”)
1.2.3Socialmeaning(社会意义):
itiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Suchas“residence”and“domicile”)
1.2.4Affectivemeaning(情感意义):
iscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage
1.2.5Reflectedmeaning(影射含义):
itisarisesinwordsofmultipleconceptualmeaning.Whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Suchas“theComforter”and“theHolyGhost”areallrefertotheGod.
1.2.6Collocativemeaning(配置意义):
itisconsistsofassociationsawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit.
1.2.7Thematicmeaning(专题意义):
itiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesamessage,intermsofordering,focus,oremphasis.Suchasactivesentencesandpassivemeaning.
2.Wordsandconceptualmeaning
2.1Wordsandculture-specificconceptualmeaning
2.1.1Wordsandgeography
TheUnitedStatesofAmerica美利坚合众国
TheMississippi蜜西西河
Superior苏必利尔湖
NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉大瀑布
RockyMountains落矶水脉
Washington华盛顿
Poke美洲商陆(植物名)
Terrapin北美泥龟
TheUnitedKingdomofGreat大不列颠及北爱尔兰
BritainandNorthernIreland联合王国
TheThames泰晤士河
TheChannel英吉利海峡
England英格兰
London伦敦
TheCommonwealthofAustralia澳大利亚联邦
NewSouthWales新南威尔士
GreatBarrierReef大保礁
GreatVictoriaDesert大维多利亚沙漠
Canberra勘培拉
Koala考拉熊
Kangaroo袋鼠
2.1.2Wordsandhistory
TheMayFlower(五月花)
TheRevolutionaryWarorWarofIndependence(独立战争)
ContinentalCongress(大陆会议)
EmancipationProclamation(解放宣言)
HomesteadAct(宅地法案)
Scalp(剥带发头皮)
Lynch(私刑)
Cowboy(牛仔)
Hippie(嬉皮士)
Duke(公爵)
Knight(骑士)
GloriousRevolution(光荣革命)
Castle(城堡)
Fort(要塞或堡垒式的贸易站)
2.1.3WordsandPolitics
UnitedStates
President(总统)
Congress(国会)
SupremeCourt(高级法院)
DemocraticParty(美国民主党)
RepublicanParty(美国共和党)
Britain
Queen(女王)
PrimeMinister(首相)
Parliament(议会)
LabourParty(工党)
ConservativeParty(保守党)
Governor-General(总督)
2.1.4WordsandChristianity
Trinity(三位一体)
Bible(圣经)
Catholic(天主教)
OrthodoxEasternChurch(东正教)
Reformation(宗教改革)
Protestant(新教徒)
Puritan(清教徒)
Mass(弥撒)
2.1.5WordsandHolidays
Christmasbox(圣诞节礼)
ChristmasCard(圣诞贺卡)
Christmastree(圣诞树)
Christmaspudding(圣诞布丁)
Christmasrose(圣诞玫瑰)
Christmastide(圣诞节节期)
ThanksgivingDay(感恩节)
BoxingDay(节礼日)
Easter(复活节)
St.Valentine’sDay(情人节)
AprilFool’sDay(愚人节)
AnzacDay(新澳军团日)
2.1.6Wordsandlivingstyles
Hotdog(热狗)
Hamburger(汉堡包)
Sandwich(三明治)
Pudding(布丁)
Salad(沙拉)
Whisky(威士忌)
Cocktail(鸡尾酒)
Drive-ins汽车的
Diners(用餐)
Baseball(垒球)
Rugby(橄榄球)
Hockey(曲棍球)
Waterskiing(滑水)
Polo(马球)
Golf(高尔夫球)
Striptease(脱衣舞)
Lovestore(色情商店)
X-ratedsexploitationmovies()
Late-lateTVshows
2.2EnglishwordsthatcorrespondpartiallyinconceptualmeaningwiththeirtranslationequivalentsinChinese.
Intellectuals(知识分子)
Socialsciences(社会科学)
AYard(院子)QuadrangleCourtyards(四合院)
Drugstore(AE)Chemist’sshop(BE)(药店)
Grandfather
Grandmother
Father
Father-in-law
Mother-in-law
Brother
Sister
Son
Daughter
Grandson
Granddaughter
Uncle
Aunt
Nephew
Niece
Cousin
Chauvinistpig:
大男子主义
Dude,athlete,macho,stud,hunk,DonJuan,playboy,egotistfattybagger:
装酷,受女性欢迎的,自我中心主义者.
Turkey,nerd,jerk,prick,bastard,pimp,skinhead,redneckdog:
令人讨厌的,古怪的
Wimp,sissy,homosexual,queer,gay,hippie:
奇怪的,同性恋者.
Couchwarmer:
Ladies’man
Man,boy,guy,fellow,gentleman,boyfriend,fiancé
lover,sweetheart:
指男性的
2.3EnglishwordsandwhatmaybemistakenfortheirequivalentsinChinese.
Greenhouse(温室)
Busywork(耗时而无价值的工作)
Busman’sholiday(消磨于与日常工作类似这活动的假日)
Busybody(爱管闲事的人)
Housewarming(乔迁之喜)
Donkeywork(单调的日常工作)
Policeaction(维和行动)
Lowboy(矮脚抽屉柜)
Freelove(公开同居)
FirstLady(第一夫人)
Highschool(中学)
Restroom(公共建筑物内的洗水间,厕所)
Equalitarianismoregalitarianism(平均主义)
Lover(情人)
Disinterested(公正的,不偏不倚的)
Cooker(炊事用具)
Wester(西风)
2.4Words,conceptualmeaningandwordformation
Generalterms
Termsofmale
Termsoffemale
Termsforyoung
鸡chicken
公鸡cock
母鸡hen
小鸡chick
鸭duck
公鸭drake
母鸭duck
小鸭duckling
鹅goose
公鹅gander
母鹅goose
小鹅gosling
马horse
公马stallion
母马mare
小马foal
牛cattle,cow
公牛bull
母牛cow
小牛calf
羊sheep
公羊ram
母羊ewe
小羊lamb
猪pig
公猪boar
母猪sow
小猪shoat
狗dog
公狗dog
母狗bitch
小狗puppy
猫cat
公猫tomcat
母猫cat
小猫kitten
鹿deer
公鹿stag
母鹿doe
小鹿fawn
3.Wordsandassociativemeaning
3.1Wordsandconnotativemeaning
book:
C:
containknowledgeandwisdomforpeople,youthmustlearn
E:
itexpressideasforpeopletoconsider,toagreeordisagree,andtocomment
Sexy:
connotesloosesexmorality
itisapositivehumanquality
Old,young:
youngmeansinexp