文学课件Word格式.docx

文学课件Word格式.docx

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Americaneeded.

4.Hesawrealityasacontinuousflow,withoutabeginningorend.He

dislikedthenineteenth-centurypoeticformsthatarestiffandpatterned.MostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrassareaboutmanandnature,especiallycommonpeopleandordinaryAmericans.

5.Intheareaofpoeticform,Whitmanmadehisgreatcontributions.

Throughhim,AmericanpoetsfinallyfreedthemselvesfromtheoldEnglishtraditions.ThroughouthislifeheadvocatedacompletelynewandcompletelyAmericanformofpoeticexpression.

6.Thepoeticformheemployedisnowcalledfreeverse----theverse

thatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithoutafixed

beatorregularrhymescheme.

II.PoemAppreciation

*SongofMyself

*InthePrefacetothe1855editionofLeavesofGrass,Whitmansays:

“Theartofart,thegloryofexpressionandthesunshineofthelightoflettersissimplicity.Nothingisbetterthansimplicity.”“SongofMyself”ischaracterizedbysimplicityofsimplicity.

*Thesimplicityliesinthesimpleexpression—thewordingandthesentencingandthenaturalliningofthepoem.

III.Abouthispoem

1.Inhispoemsheextolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracyand

celebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.

2.ThematicallyheextolledanemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness.

3.Intechnicalterms,headdedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionofthetraditionalpoemsandbyexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore.（freeverse）

EmilyDickinson（1830-1886）

I.life

1.EmilyDickinsonwasbornintooneofAmherst,Massachusetts’mostprominentfamilieson10December1830.

2.ShewasthesecondchildborntoEmilyNorcross（1804-1882）andEdwardDickinson（1803-1874）,aYalegraduate,successfullawyer,TreasurerforAmherstCollegeandaUnitedStatesCongressman.

II.EmilyDickinson’sPoetry

*EmilyDickinsonhadnoabstracttheoryofpoetry.ItisnotcertainifshewasfamiliarwiththepoetictheoriesofEdgarAllanPoe,Coleridge,Emerson,WhitmanandMatthewArnold.WheneditorThomasHigginsonaskedhertodefinepoetry,shegaveasubjective,emotionalresponse:

“IfIreadabookanditmakesmywholebodysocoldnofirecaneverwarmme,Iknowthatispoetry.IfIfeelphysicallyasifthetopofmyheadweretakenoff,Iknowthatispoetry.ThesearetheonlywaysIknowit.Isthereanyotherway?

”

III.TheCharacterofHerVerse

1.Highlycompressed,compact,shyofbeingexposed.

2.Herstyleiselliptical---shewillsaynomorethanshemust---suggestingeitheraqualityofuncertaintyoroneoffinality.[fai'

næ

liti]

3.Herlyricsareherhighlysubjective.One-fifthofthembeginwith“I”---sheknowsnootherconsciousness.

4.Ambiguityofmeaningandsyntax.WroteHigginson:

“Shealmostalwaysgraspedwhatevershesought,butwithsomefractureof

grammaranddictionaryontheway”.

5.Concreteness---itisnearlyatheorem[‘θiərəm]oflyricpoetrythatitisasgoodasitisconcrete.Evenwhensheistalkingofthemostabstractofsubjects,Emilyspecifiesitbyelaborating[i’læ

bəreit]itintheconcretenessofsimileormetaphor.

IV.ThemesInEmilyDickinson’sPoetry

*Afewthemesoccupiedthepoet:

love,nature,doubtandfaith,suffering,death,immortalityLove:

Thoughshewaslonelyandisolated,Emilyappearstohaveloveddeeply,perhapsonlythosewhohave“lovedandlost”canlove,withanintensityanddesirewhichcanneverbefulfilledintherealityofthelovers’touch.

*Nature:

AfascinationwithnatureconsumedEmily.Shesummedallherlyricsas“thesimplenewsthatnaturetold,”sheloved“nature’screatures”nomatterhowinsignificant---therobin知更鸟,thehummingbird蜂鸟,thebee,thebutterfly,therat.Onlytheserpent毒蛇,巨蟒gaveherachill.

*Death:

ManyreadershavebeenintriguedbyDickinson’sabilitytoprobethefactofhumandeath.Sheoftenadoptstheposeofhavingalreadydiedbeforeshewritesherlyric.Shecanlookstraightatapproachingdeath.

V.PoemAppreciation

*IdiedforBeauty—butwasscarce

*IdiedforBeauty—butwasscarce

Adjustedinthetomb

WhenOnewhodiedforTruth,waslain

InanadjoiningRoom—

Hequestionedsoftly,”whyIfailed”?

（WhyIdied）

“ForBeauty,”Ireplied—

“AndIforTruth—ThemselveareOne（beautyandtruthareone）

WeBrethren,are,”hesaid—（wearebrothers）

Andso,asKinsmen,metaNight—

WetalkedbetweentheRooms—

Untilthemoss（苔藓）hadreachedourlips—

Andcoveredup—ournames--

Summary

itsmannerofpresentationbelongsuniquelytoDickinson.Inthisshort

lyric,Dickinsonmanagestoincludeasenseofthemacabrephysicality

ofdeath（"

UntiltheMosshadreachedourlips--"

）,thehighidealismof

martyrdom（"

IdiedforBeauty...OnewhodiedforTruth"

）,acertain

kindofromanticyearningcombinedwithlongingforPlatonic

companionship（"

Andso,asKinsmen,metaNight--"

）,andanoptimism

abouttheafterlife（itwouldbenicetohavealike-mindedfriend）with

barelysublimatedterroraboutthefactofdeath（itwouldbehorribleto

lieinthecemeteryhavingaconversationthroughthewallsofatomb）.

Asthepoemprogresses,thehighidealismandyearningforcompanionshipgraduallygivewaytomute,colddeath,asthemosscreepsupthespeaker'

scorpseandherheadstone,obliteratingbothhercapacitytospeak（coveringherlips）andheridentity（coveringhername）.

Theultimateeffectofthispoemistoshowthateveryaspectofhumanlife--ideals,humanfeelings,identityitself--iserasedbydeath.Butby

makingtheerasuregradual--somethingtobe"

adjusted"

tointhetomb--andbyportrayingaspeakerwhoisuntroubledbyherowngrim

state,Dickinsoncreatesascenethatis,byturns,grotesqueandcompelling,frighteningandcomforting.Itisoneofhermostsingular

statementsaboutdeath,andlikesomanyofDickinson'

spoems,ithasnoparallelsintheworkofanyotherwriter.

VI.ComparisonbetweenWhitmanandEmilyDickinson

1.Similarities:

BothWhitmanandDickinsonareAmericanpoetsinthemeandtechnique.Thematically,bothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness.Intechnicalterms,bothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore（freeverse）.

2.Differences

DickinsondiffersfromWhitmaninavarietyofways:

1）Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;

Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.

2）Whitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional”（NewEngland）.

3）Informaltermsthetwopoetsarevastlydifferent:

Whitman’sendless,all-inclusivecatalogscontrastwiththeconcise,directandsimpledictionandsyntaxwhichcharacterizeDickinson’spoetry.

PartIV

TheliteratureofRealism

（1865-1918）

I.Introduction

ThereasonsforthecomingofAmericanrealism:

1）TheCivilWarwhichbrokeoutin1861taughtmenthatlifewasnotsogood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.Thewarmarkedachange,inthequalityofAmericanlife,adeterioration[di,tiəriə'

reiʃən],infact,ofAmericanmoralvalues.Itledpeopletoquestiontheassumptions:

naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.

2）Inpost-bellumAmericaincreasingindustrializationandmechanization[,mekənai'

zeiʃən]ofthecountryinfullswingproducedsoonextremesofwealthandpoverty.Wealthandpowerweremoreandmoreconcentratedinthehandsofthefew“captainsofindustry”or“robberbarons”,butlifeforthemillionswasfastbecomingaveritablestruggleforsurvival.

3）Thefrontierwasabouttocloseandthesafetyvalvewasceasingtooperate,areexaminationoflifebegan.Beneaththeglitteringsurfaceofprospectivetherelaysufferingandunhappiness,disillusionmentandfrustrationwerewidelyfelt.

4）TheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalismwasbyandlargeover.Meanwhileyoungerwritersappearedonthescene,suchas

WilliamDeanHowells,HenryJames,MarkTwain,andsoon,whichmeansthecomingofnewliteraryage,Americanrealism.

III.Definition（AmericanRealism）

1）Asaliterarymovementrealismcameinthelatterhalfofthe

nineteenthcenturyasareactionagainst“thelie”ofromanticismand

sentimentalism.Itexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.

2）TheAmericanrealistsadvocated“verisimilitudeofdetailderivedfromobservation,”theefforttoapproachthenormofexperience——arelianceontherepresentativeinplot,setting,andcharacter,andtoofferanobjectiveratherthananidealizedviewofhumannatureandexperience.

3）Importantwriters:

WilliamDeanHowells,HenryJames,MarkTwain.

AmericanCivilWar

（1861-1865）

Thewarinthe