环境学 问答题 部分答案Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Whyisimportant?
2.Describethebenefitsandcostsofdammingrivers.
P318-319themainpurposeistocaptureandstorerunoffandreleaseitasneededforcontrollingfloods,producingbydroelectricpower,andsupplyingwaterforirrigationandfortownsandcities.reservoirsalsoproviderecreationalactivitiessuchasswimming,fishing,andboating.somebadnewisthataseriesofdamscanreducedownstreamflowtoatrickleandpreventitfromreachingtheseaasapartofthehydrologiccycle.Whatparticularenvironmental,health,andsocialconcernshasChina’sThreeGorgesDamanditsreservoirsraised?
P3201.generatealmost10%ofchina’selectricityforusebyindustriesandabout150millionpeople.2.helpchinareduceitsdependenceoncoal,whichcausessevereairpollutionandreleasesenormousofgreenhousegascarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.3.holdbacktheYangtzerivier’sfloodwaters,whichhavekilledmorethan500,000peopleduringthepast100yearsincluding4,000peoplein1998.4.reducefloodingandsiltingoftheriverbyerodedsoil.
3.Whatisenvironmentalscience?
Studyofhowweandotherspeciesinteractwithoneanotherandwiththenonlivingenvironment(matterandenergy).Itisaphysicalandsocialsciencethatintegratesknowledgefromawiderangeofdisciplines,includingphysics,chemistry,biology(especiallyecology),geology,geography,resourcetechnologyandengineering,resourceconservationandmanagement,demography(thestudyofpopulationdynamics),economics,politics,sociology,psychology,andethics
Nameseveraldisciplinesinvolvedinenvironmentalscience.归纳法与演绎法
Giveexamplesofthreemajorenvironmentalproblemsintheworldtoday,alongwiththeircauses.未找到
4.Abouthowthickistheatmosphere?
P41948KM.
Nameonecharacteristicsoftroposphereandstratosphere.p419troposphere:
extendsnolyabout17kilometeresabovesealevelattheequatorandabout8kilmeterboerthepoles.stratosphere:
extendsfromabout17to48kilmeters,itsvolumeofwatervaporisabout1/1000asmuch,anditsconcentrationofozoneismuchhigher.Howandwhyisstratosphericozonebeneficialforpeople,andtroposphericozoneharmful?
P419stratosphereozoneisproducedwhensomeoftheoxygenmoleculesthereinteractwithUVradiationemittedbythesun.preventsmuchoftheoxygeninthetropospherefrombeingconvertedtophotochemicalozone,aharmfulairpollutant.Whatisphotochemicalsmog,andhowdoesitform?
p423photochemicalsmogismixtureofprimaryandsecondarypollutantsfromedundertheinfluenceofsunlight.from:
p423-424化学方程式
5.Describefouruniquepropertiesofwater.P3131.waterexistsasaliquidoverawidetermperaturerange2.unlikemostliquids,waterexpandswhenitfreezes.3.ittakesalotofheattoevaporateliquidwater.4.liquidwatercandissolveavarietyofcompounds.Namethreemajortypesofwaterpollutants,andprovideanexampleofeach.P484表格19-1.Whydosomesciencesconsidergroundwaterpollutionagreaterproblemthansurfacewaterpollution?
P493whengroundwaterbecomescontaminated,itcannotcleanseitselfofdegradablewastesasflowingsurfacewaterdoes.ittakehundredstothousandsofyearsforcontaminatedgroundwatertocleanseitselfofdegradablewater.
6.Inthedemographictransitionmodel,describethebirthanddeathratesofthepre-industrialstageandtheindustrialstage?
Howdoesthismodelexplaintheincreaseinpopulationgrowthratesinrecentcenturiesandthedecreaseinpopulationgrowthratesrecentdecades?
Preindustrialstage,whenthereislittlepopulationgrowthbecauseharshlivingconditionsleadtobothahighbirthrate(tocompensateforhighinfantmortality)andahighdeathrate.
Industrialstage,whenthebirthratedropsandeventuallyapproachesthedeathrateasindustrializationandmodernizationbecomewidespread,populationgrowthcontinues,butataslowerandperhapsfluctuatingrate,dependingoneconomicsconditions.Mostdevelopedcountriesarenowinthisthirdstageandafewdevelopingcountriesareenteringthisstage.
在最近几个世纪,人口增长快,是因为工业化使粮食供应和医疗措施变好,使死亡率下降,但出生率仍然很高;
但在最近几年,死亡率下降,出生率也相应下降导致人口增长慢
7Whatisasystem?
Distinguishamongtheinputs,flowsorthroughputs,stores,andoutputsofasystem.
.
(1)Asystemisasetofcomponentfunctionandinteractinsomeregularandtheoreticallypredictablemannerandcanbeisolatedforthepurposeofobservationandstudy.
(2)Inputsofthingssuchasmatterenergyorinformationwithinthesystematatcertainrates.
(3)flowsorthroughputs,ofmatter,energy,orinformationwithinthesystematcertainrates.
(4)Stores,withinasystemwhereenergy,matter,orinformationcanaccumulateforvariouslengthsoftimebeforebeingreleased.
(5)Outputsofcertainformsofmatter,energy,orinformationthatflowoutofthesystemintosinksintheenvironment.
8.Describethethreetypesofweatheringthatmaycontributetotheprocessofsoilformation.Namethefiveprimaryfactorsthoughttoinfluencesoilformationanddescribeoneeffectofeach.
(1)Mechanicalweathering,inwhichalargerockmassisbrokenintosmallerfragmentsoftheoriginalmaterialsimilartotheresultsyouwouldgetbyusingaham-mertobreakarockintosmallfragments,themostimportantagentofmechanicalweatheringisfrostwedging,inwhichwatercollectsinporesandcracksofrock,expandsuponfreezing,andsplitsoffpiecesoftherock.
(2)Chemicalweathering,inwhichoneormorechemicalreactionsdecomposeamassofrock,mostchemicalweathering,involvesareactionofrockmaterialwithoxygen,carbondioxide,andmoistureintheatmosphereandtheground.
(3)生物风化是一些生物与母质发生物理和化学变化而形成的,例如,gender生长会使岩石裂缝变宽或是一些有机酸溶解一些矿物质。
影响土壤形成的五个因素是:
气候,生物,地势(地形高低程度),母质和时间
高温和潮湿的气候会促进物理风化
当地植被的差异性会改变有机物质的输入量
越陡的坡导致侵蚀的发生率越高
由石灰石风化形成的土壤不同于花岗岩风化形成的土壤
最近形成的土壤不会像先前形成的土壤那样好
9.Describethereasonswhysomepeoplesupportthedevelopmentofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsandsomeopposethegeneticallymodifiedcrops?
Support:
thegeneticallymodifiedorg,anismsisseenasapotentiallysustainablewaytosolveworldfoodproblems.通过转基因生物可以制造出一些抗虫性植物,从而减少杀虫剂的用量,还可以使一些植物的营养价值得到提高,比如增加水稻中维他命的含量。
Oppose:
(1)weknowfartoolittleaboutthepotentialharmandwidespreaduseofsuchcropstohumanhealthandecosystems.
(2)geneticallymodifiedorganismscannotberecallediftheycauseharmfulgeneticandecologicaleffects.
10.Whyarefossilfuelsourmostprevalentsourcesofenergytoday?
Whyaretheyconsiderednonrenewablesourcesofenergy?
Whataresomeoftheeffectsoffossilfuelsemissions?
(1)reason:
化石燃料的燃烧效率高,便于运输和储存,且天然气是一种清洁燃料,煤矿量的含量最多。
(2)被认为是不可再生能源是因为:
它们被提取和消耗的速度远远大于它们自然形成的速度
(3)化石燃料可以释放二氧化硫,二氧化碳,氮氧化物,这些物质会造成烟雾,酸沉降,全球气候变化和各种不同的健康问题,一些科学家基于先前的经验结果和小规模的可控制的研究,而担心这些释放物对植被和野生生物的破坏。
11.distinguishbetweenhigh-qualitymatterandlow-qualitymatter,andgiveanexampleofeach?
Whatisenergyefficiency?
Key:
◆High-qualityenergyisconcentratedandcanperformmuchusefulwork.e.g.electricity.
◆Low-qualityenergyisdispersedandhaslittleabilitytodousefulwork.e.g.heatdispersedinthemovingmoleculesofalargeamountofmattersothatitstemperatureislow.Oceanenergy
◆Energyefficiency:
orenergyproductivity,isameasurementofhowmuchusefulworkisaccomplishedbyaparticularinputofenergyintoasystem.
12.Whatispollution?
Distinguishbetweenpointsourcesandnonpointsourcesofpollution。
Listthreetypesofharmcausedbypollution。
◆Anyadditiontoair,water,soil,orfoodthatthreatensthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganismsiscalledpollution.
◆Pointsources:
wherepollutantscomefromsingle,identifiablesources.
◆Nonpointsources:
wherepollutantscomefromdispersed(andoftendifficulttoidentify)sources.
Threetypes:
◆Disruptionoflife-supportsystemsforhumansandotherspecies.
◆Damagetowildlife,humanhealth,andproperty
◆Nuisancessuchasnoiseandunpleasantsmells,tastes,andsights
13.Distinguishbetweeninductivereasoning
and
deductive
reasoning
andgiveanexampleofeach.
Inductivereasoninginvolvesusingspecificobservationsandmeasurementstoarriveatageneralconclusionorhypothesis.Forexample:
◆Throughobservationwemightuseinductivereasoningtoconcludethatallobjectsfalltotheearth’ssurfacewhendropped.Butwecannotbeabsolutelysuresomeonewilldropanobjectthatdoesnotfalltotheearth’ssurface.Whenscientistssaythatsomethinghasbeenprovedorestablishedbyinductivereasoning,theydonotmeanitisabsolutelytruebutthataveryhighprobabilityordegreeofcertaintyexiststhatitistrue.
Deductivereasoninginvolvesusinglogictoarriveataspecificconclusionbasedonageneralizationorpremise.Forexample:
◆Generalizationorpremise:
Allbirdshavefeathers/
Examples:
Eaglesarebirds.
Deductiveconclusion:
Alleagleshavefeathers.
Thisconclusionofthissyllogism(aseriesoflogicallyconnectedstatements)isvalidaslongasthepremiseiscorrect,andwedonotusefaultylogictoarriveattheconclusion.
14.Distinguishbetweenth