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sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.
TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan'
splanet-likesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.This,theysay,pointstotheexistenceofsome"
bugs"
5consumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth.
"
Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit'
stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitan,similartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarth,"
saysNASAscientistChrisMcKay."
Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth."
Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywhere,thoughthereareliquid-
water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitan,wheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvin6(minus290degreesFarenheit),amethanebasedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocesses,butnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan'
ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit.
ScientistshadexpectedtheSun'
sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan'
ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface.
TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan'
ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon-biologicalexplanation,saidMarkAllen,aprincipalinvestigator7oftheNASATitanteam.
Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed,"
Allensaid."
Wehavealotofworktodotoruleout8possiblenon-biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocess,withoutbiology,canexplaintheseresults."
词汇:
Saturn/'
sæ
tən/n.土星methane/'
mi:
θein/n.甲烷,沼气
Titan/'
taitən/n.土卫六acetylene/ə'
setili:
n/n.乙炔
alien/'
eiljən/n.外星人;
adj.外星球的;
相异的
conservatism/kən'
sʒ:
vətizəm/n.保守主义,守旧
注释:
1.hintsofalienlife:
外星生命迹象。
2.theSaturn'
smoon:
指土卫六(Titan)。
土卫六又称泰坦星,是土星卫星中最大的一颗。
3.NASA:
美国国家航空航天局的缩写,全称是:
NationalAeronauticsandSpace
Administration。
4.spacecraftCassini:
卡西尼号探测器,以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名,其任务是环绕土星飞行,对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深人考察。
1997年10月15日,重六吨的“卡西尼”号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道。
这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大飞船。
“卡西尼”号用了将近七年时间,在2004年7月1日飞达土星轨道。
5.bugs:
微生物。
非正式口语表达,所以使用了引号。
6.Kelvin:
可翻译成“绝对温度”。
KelvinScale,绝对温标,开氏温标,是由Kelvin勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法,其零度相当于摄氏一273.15"
C,被认为是宇宙中最低温度。
这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用。
7.principalinvestigator:
研究项目负责人
8.ruleout:
排除……的可能性
练习:
1.WhathavescientistsfoundaboutSaturn?
ATheyhavefoundanewmoonorbitingSaturn.
BTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonSaturn.
CTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonTitan.
DTheyhavefoundearthlikelifeonaSaturn'
smoon.
2.WhatdoscientistssayaboutTitan?
ATherearelifecluesthere.
BThereisacetylenethere.
CWateronTitanexistsintheformofice.
DRiversandlakestherecontainlifeformls.
3.Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflife.(paragraph5)Whatdoes"
thisform
oflife"
referto?
AWater-basedlife.
BMethane-basedlife.
CLiquid-water-basedmicroorganisms.
DGas-basedlife.
4.WhatcanbeinferredfromwhatAllensaid?
AScientistshavedifferentargumentsoverwhetherthereislifeonTitan.
BScientistsallagreethatthereislifeonTitan.
CScientistsallsuggestthatabiologicalexplanationisreasonable.
DScientistsallagreethatanon-biologicalchemicalreactionisapossibleexplanation.
5.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacethetitleofthispassage?
AEarthlikeLivingBeingsFoundonTitan.
BFindingofOneMoreMoonofSaturn.
CTitan,aNewSatelliteFound.
DAdifferentLifeForm,aPossibility.
答案与题解:
1.C短文的第一段提供了答案。
该段告诉读者,科学家在土星的卫星土卫六(Titan)上发现了生命的迹象,这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的。
2.A根据第二段“Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare
'
breathing'
inTitan'
sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.”,说明土卫六(Titan)有生命迹象。
因此A是答案。
3.Bthisformoflife指的是土卫六(Titan)上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物,即该文讨论的主题。
4.A科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释。
Allen说要做出土卫六上有生
物的结论,首先必须对Titan上没有生物的观点做出回应;
要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点,我们还须付出努力。
所以只有A是正确选择。
5.D该短文的主题是,科学家在土卫六(Titan)上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象,即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物,但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现。
第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题:
“Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth.”
Inanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,thepsychologistsatthe
UniversityofChicagol1SianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemaleteachersthinkandwhatfemalestudentslearn:
Ifafemaleteacherisunfortablewithherownmathskills,thenherfemalestudentsaremorelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsatmath.
Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers2inlatergrades,itmaycreateasnowballeffectontheirmathachievement3saidLevine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers4.Thestudysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelievingthatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmaynotdoaswellastheywouldhaveif
theyweremoreconfident.
Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfindcertainsubjectstobe
difficulttolearn--andteach.Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.
Researchersusetheword"
anxiety"
todescribesuchfeelings:
anxietyisuneasinessorworry.
Thenewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,thatfeelingcaninfluence
howherfemalestudentsfeelaboutmath.Thestudyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-and
second-gradeteachersinelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmathachievementtestsatthebeginningandendoftheschoolyear,andtheresearchersparedthescores.
Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststotellwhetherthestudentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy.Thentheresearchersturnedtotheteachers:
Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt5.Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasalesreceipt,forexample,wasprobablyanxiousaboutmath.
Boys,onaverage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'
sanxiety.Onaverage,girlswithmath-anxious
teachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthetestshowingwhethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetteratmath--andallofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety.
Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedaspreliminaryandinneed
ofreplicationwithalargersample6,"
saidDavidGeary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri7inColumbia.
snowball/'
snəubɔ:
l/雪球;
滚雪球式增长的事replication/repli'
keiʃən/n.重复,复现
superstar/'
sju:
pəsta:
/n.超级明星
1.UniversityofChicago:
芝加哥大学。
位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市,是世界一流的私立大学,创建于1891年。
2.keepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers:
一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。
此处getting是having的意思,math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。
另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。
3.snowballeffectontheirmathachievement:
在数学成就上的雪球效应。
其含义是:
在数学上越来越没有信心。
4.enduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers:
最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。
Endupdoingsomething:
最终会做某事
5.salesreceipt:
销售清单
6.inneedofreplicationwithalargersample:
需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。
replication
在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复(实验)”。
7.theUniversityofMissouri:
密苏里大学。
位于密苏里州,是美国一所公立研究型大学,创建于1839年。
1.WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?
AGirlsfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboysatmath.
BGirlsunfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgoodasboysatmath.
CFemaleteachers'
mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'
mathskills.
DFemaleteachers'
confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedtogirl'
smathskills.
2.Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?
AMathteachers,likemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectduetoitsdifficulty.
BAdifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'
confidenceinteachingthesubject.
CTeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudentslearningmath.
DMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachit.
3.Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfelt
Anervousmemorizingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.
Bhelplesssavingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.
Cuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.
Dhopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesreport.
4.Thesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindings
Aproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'
mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents'
math
achievements.
Bshowthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheirmathanxietythanfemale
students.
Cprovidestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelytobemalesthanfemales.
Ddiscoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'