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(原文)
院(系):
机电工程学院
专业:
电气工程及其自动化
学生姓名:
阮德皇
学号:
0970120203
指导教师单位:
姓名:
申群富
职称:
副教授
2013年5月19日
PowerElectronicsandMotorDrives
RecentProgressandPerspective
BimalK.Bose,LifeFellow,IEEE
Abstract—Powerelectronicstechnologyhasgonethroughdynamicevolutioninthelastfourdecades.Recently,itsapplicationsarefastexpandinginindustrial,commercial,residential,transportation,utility,aerospace,andmilitaryenvironmentsprimarilyduetoreductionofcost,size,andimprovementofperformance.Intheglobalindustrialautomation,energyconservation,andenvironmentalpollutioncontroltrendsofthe21stcentury,thewidespreadimpactofpowerelectronicsisinevitable.Itappearsthattheroleofpowerelectronicsonoursocietyinthefuturewilltendtobeasimportantandversatileasthatofinformationtechnologytoday.Inthispaper,theimportanceofpowerelectronicswillbediscussedafterabriefhistorialintroductioninthebeginning.Then,therecentadvancesofpowersemiconductordevices,converters,variable-frequencyacdrives,andadvancedcontrolandestimationtechniqueswillbereviewedbriefly.Unlikeatraditionaltechnologysurveypaper,thenumberoffiguresiskeptintentionallysmallinfavorofthetextwithinthelengthconstraintofthispaper.Theprognosisofdifferentareaswillbehighlightedwhereverpossiblebasedontheauthor’sownknowledgeandexperience.Inconclusionandfuturescenario,thetrendofpowerelectronicsandmotordrivesalongwithsomepossibleresearchanddevelopmentareaswillbehighlighted.
IndexTerms—Control,converters,motordrives,powerelectronics.
ManuscriptreceivedOctober29,2007;
revisedJuly7,2008.FirstpublishedAugust19,2008;
currentversionpublishedJanuary30,2009.
TheauthoriswiththeDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,TheUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,TN37996-2100USA(e-mail:
bbose@utk.edu).
DigitalObjectIdentifier10.1109/TIE.2008.2002726
I.INTRODUCTION
POWERELECTRONICSdealswithconversionandcontrolofelectricalpowerinthewiderangeofmilliwattstogigawattswiththehelpofswitchingmodepowersemiconductordevices.Theapplicationsofpowerelectronicsmayincludedcandacregulatedpowersupplies,uninterruptiblepowersupply(UPS)systems,electrochemicalprocesses(suchaselectroplating,electrolysis,anodizing,andmetalrefining),heatingandlightingcontrol,electronicwelding,powerlinestaticVARcompensators[SVCs,staticVARgenerator,orstaticsynchronouscompensator(STATCOM)],activeharmonicfilters,highvoltagedc(HVDC)systems,photovoltaic(PV)andfuelcell(FC)powerconversion,solidstatedcandaccircuitbreakers,high-frequencyheating,andmotordrives.Motordrivesareamayincludeapplicationsincomputersandperipherals,solidstatestartersformotors,transportation(electric/hybridelectricvehicles(EV/HEV),subway,etc.),homeappliances,paperandtextilemills,windgenerationsystem,air-conditioningandheatpumps,rollingandcementmills,machinetoolsandrobotics,pumpsandcompressors,shippropulsion,etc.Inadditiontoapplicationsinenergysystemsandindustrialautomation,powerelectronicsisnowplayingasignificantroleinglobalenergyconservationthatisindirectlyhelpingintheenvironmentalpollutioncontrol,i.e.,solvingtheglobalwarmingproblem[1],[2].
Fig.1.Historicalevolutionofpowerelectronics[5].
Letusfirsttakealookbackwardinthehistoricalevolutionofpowerelectronics,asshowninFig.1.Officially,powerelectronicswasbornin1901bytheinventionofglass-bulbmercury-arcrectifierbyPeterCooperHewittofUSA[3].Then,itwentthroughtheerasofgastubeelectronicsinthe1930sandsaturablecoremagneticamplifiersinthe1940s.Thepresenteraofsolid-statepowerelectronicsstartedwiththeintroductionofthyristororsiliconcontrolledrectifier(SCR).BellLaboratoriesofUSApublishedthehistoricalpaperonp-n-p-ntriggeringtransistorin1956[4],andthen,GEcommerciallyintroducedthethyristorin1958.Sincethen,therehasbeenavastexpansionofthetechnologywiththeresearchanddevelopmentradiatingindifferentdirectionsasshowninthefigure.Inpowersemiconductordevices,theR&
Dcontinuedindifferentsemiconductormaterials,processing,fabricationandpackagingtechniques,devicemodelingandsimulation,characterization,anddevelopmentofmodernintelligentpowermodules(IPMs).Asaresultoftheresearch,manynewdevicesemergedwithhigherpowerratingsandimprovedcharacteristics.Startingwithoriginaldiodeandthyristorphase-controlledconverters,asnewdevicesemerged,manynewconvertertopologieswereintroducedalongwithadvancedpulsewidthmodulation(PWM)techniques,andanalyticalandsimulationmethods.Manynewsimulationsoftwareandcomputer-aided-designtechniqueshelpedinthesestudies.Advancedcontrolandsignalestimationtechniques,particularlyforacmotordrives,emerged.Theseincludevectororfield-orientedcontrol,directtorqueandfluxcontrol(DTC)control,slidingmodeorvariablestructurecontrol,optimalcontrols,sensorlesscontrols,andmodernintelligentcontrolsbasedonartificialintelligence(AI)techniques,suchasexpertsystem,fuzzylogic(FL),artificialneuralnetwork[ANNorneuralnetwork(NNW)],andgeneticalgorithm.AdvancedDSPsandapplicationspecifiedintegratedcircuit(ASIC)chips,alongwiththemodernsoftwaretools,permittedimplementationofcomplexcontrolandestimationofpowerelectronicsystems.Theadventofpowerfulpersonalcomputersalsoplayedanimportantroleintheevolution.
Fig.2.Somesignificanteventsinthehistoryofpowerelectronics[5].
Amongmanyinventionsandmilestones,onlysomesignificanteventsinthehistoryofpowerelectronicsandmotordrivesareshowninFig.2.Itisinterestingtonotethatthename“PowerElectronics”wasintroducedsystematicallyfromthebeginningof1970s.Intheearlystageofevolution,itwasincludedasapartof“IndustrialElectronics.”
II.WHYPOWERELECTRONICSISSOIMPORTANTTODAY
Theapplicationsofpowerelectronicsmentionedbeforepossiblydemonstrateadequatelytheimportanceofpowerelectronics.Asolid-statepowerelectronicapparatuscanbelookeduponasahigh-efficiencyswitching-modepoweramplifier,wheretheefficiencymayapproachashighas98%to99%.Besides,theequipmentisstatic,freefromaudionoise,andhaslowcost,smallsize,highreliability,andlonglifecomparedtotraditionalequipmentusedbeforeforsimilarfunctions.Inamodernautomatedindustrialenvironment,powerelectronics-basedmotioncontrolandcomputersworkverycloselygivinghighindustrialproductivitywithimprovedproductquality.Inabroadperspective,powerelectronicshelpsindustrialcompetitivenessofanationthatprovidesimprovedqualityoflife.Itisnowonderthatpowerelectronicsisnowspreadingfastfromtheindustriallyadvancednationstothedevelopingcountriesoftheworld.
Thereisanotherimportantroleofpowerelectronics.Itisnowplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinenergyconservationandenvironmentalpollutioncontroltrendsofthe21stcentury[1],asmentionedbefore.Globally,electricalenergyconsumptionisincreasingdramaticallyinordertoimproveourlivingstandard.ThisisparticularlytrueforUSA,wheretheenergyappetiteisvoracious.Mostoftheworld’selectricityisproducedinfossilfuelandnuclearpowerplants.Burningoffossilfuelscausesenvironmentalpollutionthatincludesgenerationofgreenhousegasesforglobalwarming,whereasnuclearplantshavesafetyandwastedisposalproblems.Powerelectronicshelpsenergyconservationessentiallybyimprovedefficiencyofutilization.AccordingtotheestimateofElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI)ofUSA,around60%to65%ofgridenergyinUSAisconsumedinelectricalmachinedrives,and75%ofthesearepump-,fan-,andcompressor-typedrives.Majorityofthepumpsandfansisusedinindustrialenvironmentforcontroloffluidflow.Itisreportedthatcurrentlyaround97%ofmediumtohigh-powerdrivesforsuchapplicationsoperateatfixedspeed[6],whereflowiscontrolledbymechanicalmethods,suchasthrottlingcontrol,dampers,orflowcontrolvalves,resultinginasubstantialamountofenergyloss.Only3%ofthesedrivesareoperatedatvariablefrequencyspeedcontrolwithfullyopenthrottlethatcanimproveefficiencyupto30%atlightload.Again,inavariable-frequencydrive,converter–machineefficiencycanbeimprovedfurtherbymachinefluxprogrammingatlightloadandreducedspeed.Powerelectronics-basedload-proportionalspeedcontrolinair-conditioningcansaveasmuchas30%energy,comparedtothetraditionalthermostaticcontrol.Theadditionalcostofpowerelectronicscanberecoveredbysavingenergyinaperioddependingonthecostofelectricity.Forexample,thecostofelectricityishighinJapan.Forthisreason,majorityoftheJapanesehomesusesvariable-speedair-conditioningtosaveenergy.Onepopularapplicationofpowerelectronicsinrecentyearsisvariable-frequencydrivefordiesel-electricshippropulsion,whichcansavelargeamountoffuel,comparedtothetraditionaldiesel-turbinepropulsion.Ithasbeenestimatedthatroughly24%ofgridenergyinUSAisconsumedinlighting.Powerelectronics-basedhigh-frequencycompactfluorescentlamps(CFLs)canbetypicallyfour-timesmoreefficientthanthetraditionalincandescentlamps,besidesgivingmuchlongerlife.LightdimmingcontrolofCFLcanfurtherimproveenergyefficiency.TheCFLsareexpectedtocompletelyreplacetheincandescentlampsinnearfuture.Solid-