morphologysyntax形态学句法学文档格式.docx
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Articles③closedclasswords
Pronouns
Linguistsdefinewordasthesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.Afreeformissimplyanelementthatdoesnothavetooccurinafixedpositionwithrespecttoitsneighboringelements;
inmanycases,itcanevenappearinisolation.Forinstance,
Theboysleft.Thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeform.
Themostimportantcomponent(部分)ofawordstructureisthemorpheme(词素,形态素)thesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.
Freeandboundmorpheme
Morpheme
Allomorphs(语素变体)
Wecansetouttoanalyzetheinternalstructureofwordsfromthreeaspects.
1、freeandboundmorphemes
2、Root,affixandstem
3、Derivationalandinfectionalmorphemes
Althoughtherearelotsofrulesofformation,wecanseeitmorphologicallysincelearningmorphology.
1、
inflection(屈折法)-ing
-ed
-er
-est
-‘s
-s
……
2、compounding(复合构词法)
3、derivation(派生法)
4、conversion(转化法)
1)clipping(拆分)
2)initialsandacronyms(首字母缩写)
5、abbreviation(缩写法)
3)blending(混合)
6、backformation(反成法)
7、neologism(coinage新语)
8、borrowing(借用法)
Chapter4
Syntax,abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentencesisintroducedinchapter4.First,sentencetypesmustbemastered.
①simplesentence
Accordingtotheirstructure②coordinatesentence
③complexsentence
SV/SVO/SVC
Accordingtothelinearorderofconstituents
SVA/SVOO/SVOC/SVOA
Second,therearevariousapproachestosyntacticstudies.
①thetraditionalapproach
②thestructuralapproach
③thegenerativeapproach
④thefunctionalapproach
Partsofspeech
1、thetraditionalapproach
Functionofwordscategories
Concordandgovernment(一致性与普通语法)
tenseandaspect(时和体)
2、thestructuralapproach
①syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations(组合关系与聚合关系)
②endocentricandexocentricconstructions(向心结构与离心结构)
Immediateconstituteanalysis(直接成分分析法)
3、thegenerativeapproach
Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguages.Afundamentalfactaboutwordsinallhumanlanguagesisthattheycanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories,whichcangenerallysubstituteforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticality.
Themostcentralcategoriestothesyntacticstudyaretheword-levelcategories.Herewordlevelcategoriesaredividedintotwokinds:
Nouns(N)
MajorlexicalcategoriesVerbs(V)
Adjective(A)
Preposition(P)
Determiner(Det)
Degreewords(Deg)
MinorlexicalcategoriesQualifier(Qual)
Auxiliary(Aux)
Conjunction(Con)
2、
Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases,thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt.Themostcommonlyrecognizedanddiscussedphrasalcategoriesarenounphrase(NP),verbphrase(VP),adjectivephrase(AP)andprepositionalphrase(PP).
Phrasescanconsistofjustoneword.Phrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontain:
head
Specifier----leftsideofthehead
Complement---rightsideofthehead
3、
Grammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.
Eg.thebookonthedeskNP→(Det)N(PP)…
TheXPrule:
XP→(specifier)X(complement)
XP
Specifierheadcomplement
4、specifier
Phraseelement
complements
Complementizers
MissHebertbelievesthat
modifier
5、
TheSrule:
S→NPVP
Linguiststakeanabstrctcategoryinflection(dubbed“infl”)astheirheads,whichindicatesthesentence’stenseandagreement.
Inflp
NPinflVP
6、
1)yes-noquestion
Eg.Willthetrainarrive?
Firststep:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNwillV
Thetrianarrive
Secondstep:
Inversion
Thirdstep:
InflNPInflVP
willDetNwillV
2)doinsertion
Eg.Dobirdsfly?
NNonpstV
Birdsfly
NdoV
willNeV
3)whmovement
①Eg.Whatlanguagescanyouspeak?
Whatlanguagescanyou_______speak_______?
A
B
CP
CS
InflNPInflVP
canNeVNP
youspeake
②eg.Whowinthegame?
NPCS
NP
ePstV
DetN
winthegame