Whitman最终版Word格式.docx
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LiketheRomanticsandtheTranscendentalistsinNewEngland,WhitmanwasgreatlyinfluencedbythemysticismoftheEast,especiallyHinduism.TheHinduisminsiststhatallthethingsarecreatedbysomekindofmystery.SoWhitman’sGodwascloselyconnectedwithmystery.ThoughalsoindebtedtoRalphWaldoEmerson’s“transcendentalsoul”,Whitman’sGodwasnotonlylimitedtoapureandomnipresentspiritualexistence.Inhisopinion,Godwasthetotaloftheuniverse,theholy“everything”:
IseesomethingofGodeachhourofthetwenty-fourandeachmomentthen,
InthefacesofmenandwomenIseeGod,andinmyownfaceintheglass,
IfindlettersfromGoddroptinthestreet,andeveryoneissign’dbyGod’sname…(102)
Sowecansaythateverythingintheuniverse,nomatterhowtinyorminuteitis,isallthepresentationofGod,allshowsthespiritofGodandallpossessthedivinityofGod.“IhearandbeholdGodineveryobject,”thepoetclaims(102).Existingbothinthespiritualandthephysical,Whitman’sGodappearstointegratethematerialandtheimmaterial.TheAmericancriticDianeKepnerobservesthat“[the]‘immaterial’and‘impalpable’areasimportanttoWhitmanasthe‘material’and‘palpable”(181).Similarly,EdwinHavilandMillerpraisesWhitman’seffortsandinterestsinintegratingtheopposites,andstatesthatWhitmanreconciles“oppositesusuallyconsideredirreconcilable,”enfoldingthevanquishedandthevictor,othersandtheself,manandwoman,scienceandspirit,andanimalandman(16).IndepictingGodthisway,J.W.WalkingtonclaimsthatWhitman“[uphold]anypartoftheworldusuallyconsideredthelesserhalfofahierarchicaldichotomy”(Walkington129).
What’smore,inspiredbymaterialism,Whitmanmaintainsthateveryobjectintheuniverseismadeupofsomebasicsubstance,thatis,theatom.【你在下文提出前面没有出现过atom,这里不是有吗?
】Eachatom,accordingtoKepner,isurgedto“‘merge’withotheratoms,tocreatetheparticular‘seen’formationsthatfilltheuniverseatanyinstantintime,andincombinationwitheachatomicformationaccountsforthecharacteristicpropertiesofthatformation”(191).ItisbecauseofthissharedessenceandenergythatWaltWhitmanbelievesthatGodcouldbeconsideredastheendlessexpansionofwhathetermedasthesoulof“myself.”ForWhitman,theperfect“myself”shouldbeabovealltheperfectunificationofbodyandsoul.Since“myself”sharethesamecomponent—partofGod—withalltheotherobjectsintheuniverse,itcanbemergedwiththecosmos.“Myself”isthusabletoattainpermanenceandtranscendencethroughitsspiritualextension.Inthisway,thepermanentGodand“Myself”arecloselyrelatedtoeachother:
Whitman’sGodcouldbeconsideredastheendlessexpansionofwhathecalledsoulof“myself”.Thepoetthoughtthattheperfect“myself”,shouldbefirstlytheperfectunificationofbodyandsoul,whichcanbemergedtogetherwiththecosmos,togetherwithpermanenceanduniversalsoul,thusmakingthesoulof“myself”endlessandtranscendental.ThusthepermanentGodand“Myself”arecloselyrelatedtoeachother:
Iswear,Iseeeverythinghasgotapermanentsoul.
Ihavesaidthatthesoulisnotmorethanthebody,
AndIhavesaidthatthebodyisnotmorethanthesoul,
Andnothing,notGod,isgreatertoonethanone’sselfis.(102)
Besidesatom,Whitmanfindsanotherconnectionbetweentheuniverseandtheself.UndertheinfluenceofHegel’sconceptof“thesenseofuniverse,”Whitmanthoughttheuniverseisformednotonlybylifelessmaterials;
itisalsofulloflifeorspirit().Atommakesuptheshapeandappearanceofanobject,butitisenergyorspiritthatmakestheobjectmove:
IhaveinstantconductorsallovermewhetherIpassorstop,
Theyseizeeveryobjectandleaditharmlesslythroughme.
Imerelystir,press,feelwithmyfingers,andamhappy,
Totouchmypersontosomeoneelse’sisaboutasmuch
asIcanstand.(635)
Wordslike“conductors,”“seize,”“touch”allsuggestthattheenergydrivesatomstogether.Indeed,energyistheforcethatattractsdifferentatomstogatherandformanobject.Therefore,toWaltWhitman,theessenceofGodandtheuniversewaslife.Life,intheformofenergy,cultivatesallofthethingsintheuniverse,thusconnectingallthethingstogether;
lifealsobringsthedevelopmentoftheuniverseforwardaswell.Kepneralsoobservesthat“theenergywithineachatommakesthatatomactpurposely,notchaotically”(190).Thepurposeistogatherandform,andtogether,alltheobjectscometoshapetheuniverse.
Inaword,WaltWhitman’sGodisthesumofalltheobjectsintheuniverse.Everything,including“myself,”embodiespartofGod.“Myself”relatestoGodbyitsatomiccomponentsintermsofthephysical/material,andbyitssoul’sexpansionandfusionwiththecosmosintermsofthespiritual/immaterial.In“SongofMyself”,itisnothardtoobserve“myself”isomnipresent,itisactuallytheuniverseitself.UndertheinfluenceofHegel’sconceptof“thesenseofuniverse,”WaltWhitmanthoughttheuniverseisformednotonlybylifelessmaterials;
itisalsofulloflife.InWhitman’apoem“Life”,hesaid:
Everthegrappledmysteryofallearth’sagesoldornew;
Evertheeagereyes,hurrahs,thewelcome-clappinghands,theloudapplause;
Everthesouldissatisfied,curious,unconvincedatlast;
Strugglingto-daythesame—battlingthesame.(607)
SotoWaltWhitman,theessenceofGodandtheuniversewas“battlingthesame”-life,itcultivatesallofthethingsintheuniverse,thusconnectingallthethingstogether;
lifebringsthedevelopmentoftheuniverseforwardaswell.
Inaword,WaltWhitman’sGodfirstisomnipresent,isthedivinityofall;
Godandmyselfarecloselyrelatedtoeachother,theessenceofGodislife,thelifeofindividualwillmergeintotheeverlastinguniverse.
TheReevaluationofBody
BasedonhisuniqueimageofGod,WaltWhitmanstartedanewpathintheexplanationofmysteriousexperienceoftheselftofurtherexplorethelifespirit.Almostallthereligions,includingChristianity,intheworldupholdthatonlybydiscardingthebodycanthesoultranscendsintotheeternityofthespiritualworld.Consequently,theyalwaysdespisethebodywhileextollingthesoul.Onthecontrary,duetohisuniqueexplanationofGod,Whitmanbravelyextolledtheelectricityoffleshbody,sangforhisownbody,andfeltproudofhisown:
“I,thirty-sevenyearsold,washealthyfromtheverybeginning,andhopetobehealthyforever(64).”ThebodywasanextremelyvitalcomponentofWaltWhitman’spoems.WaltWhitmanbecameamissionerjustbecausehesangforthebody.AccordingtoEzraGreenspan,becauseofsuchfactorsasair,sun,earth,bloodandflesh,Whitman“createdthebestpoemtheworldhaseverknown(36).”said“air,sun,earth,bloodandflesh---justbecauseoftheabovementionedfactors,WaltWhitmancreatedthebestpoemtheworldhaseverknown(36).”Whitman,however,favorstheimportanceofthebodyaswellassexuallovetotheextentthatheconsideredthebodyasthestartingpointofhisphilosophicalthoughts.InTheEvolutionofWaltWhitman,【跟第一个参考文献同样的问题,你确定出处是这本书的话就没问题】RogerAsselineaucommentedonWhitman’semphasisofthebodythat“unliketheBritishromanticistsandtheAmericantranscendentalists,WaltWhitmanwentintothespiritualkingdominstantly;
heneverforgetsthatthebodyisthestageandstartingpointofhismysteriousexperience(96).”In“SongofMyself”,Whitmanbravelyannouncedtothewholeworld,“I,thepoetoffleshbody(527).”“IamthepoetoftheSoul/Thepleasuresofheavenarewithmeandthepainsofhellarewithme,/ThefirstIgraftandincreaseuponmyself,thelatterItranslateintonewtongue(593).”
Whitmanraisedthefleshbodyuptotheheightofspiritandsoul,whichdiffersgreatlyfromthetraditionalconceptionofthebody,butaccordscompletelywithhiscomprehensionofGod.Tothosewhobelieveinmysticism,mysticismmeanstoforgetandtranscendthebody,andenterintoastateofeternalspirit.WhitmanbelievedthatGodconsistsofboththematerialandtheimmaterial,andsimilartoGod,theself,astheintegrationofthebodyandthesoul,cannotexistwithouteitheraspect.Thebodyfunctionsasthecarrierandexpressionoflifespirit,andinthissense,itcanbeconsideredasthestartingpointoftheuniverse.Thekeensensesofthefleshbodyalsoenablesthepoettorealizethelivelinessofbloodcirculation.Attheverybeginningofthepoem,Whitmanavoidedthedisturbanceandnoiseoftheworld,Whitmanimmerseshimselfinthepleasureoftheorgans,his“breath,blood,airin...lung.”(104)
Ultimately,accordingtoWhitman,thesamesensesoflifeelevatetheselftoatranscendentalstate.It