Resilience and Sustainability of the Civil Infrastructure Towards a Unified ApproachWord下载.docx

Resilience and Sustainability of the Civil Infrastructure Towards a Unified ApproachWord下载.docx

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TowardsaUnifiedApproach

PaoloBocchini∗,M.ASCEDanM.Frangopol†,Dist.M.ASCE

ThomasUmmenhofer‡TimZinke

Abstract

Inrecentyearstheconceptsofresilienceandsustainabilitybecameverytopicalandpopular.Theconceptofsustainabilityroseinthelate1980sandbecameacentralissueinworldpolitics,whentheconstructionindustrybegantogeneratethefirstsustainablebuildingassessmentsystemswithmoreorlessequallyweightedenvironmental,economic,andsocialaspectsforofficebuildingsovertheirlife-cycle.Ontheotherhand,resilienceisusuallyconnectedwiththeoccurrenceofextremeeventsduringthelifecycleofstructuresandinfrastructures.Inthelastdecadeithasbeenusedtominimizespecificallydirectandindirectlossesincaseofhazards,throughenhancedresistanceandrobustnesstoextremeevents,andmoreeffectiverecoverystrategies.Adetailedcomparisonofthestudiesdealingwitheitherinfrastructuresustainabilityorresiliencepresentedinthispaperleadstotheconclusionthattheyhaveavastnumberofsimilaritiesandcommoncharacteristics.Forinstance,theybothcombinestructuralanalyseswithsocialandeconomicaspects;

theybothrelyontechniquesforthelife-cycleanalysisanddecisionmaking;

theybothareinanearlystagewheretheacademicworldistryingtofindthebestwaytopromotetheapplicationofthescientificresultsamongprofessionalengineersandtheindustry.Indeed,bothapproachestrytooptimizeasystem,suchasacivilinfrastructuresystem,withrespecttostructuraldesign,utilizedmaterial,maintenanceplans,managementstrategies,andimpactsonthesociety.However,forthemostpart,researchersandpractitionersfocusingoneitherresilienceorsustainabilityoperatewithoutamutualconsiderationofthefindings,whichleadstoasevereinefficiency.Therefore,thispapersuggeststhatresilienceandsustainabilityarecomplementaryandshouldbeusedinanintegratedperspective.Inparticular,theproposedapproachisrootedinthewell-establishedframeworkofriskassessment.Theimpactoftheinfrastructureanditsservicestatesonthesocietyinnormaloperationalconditions（assessedbysustainabilityanalysis）andafterexceptionalevents（assessedbyresilienceanalysis）shouldbeweightedbytheassociatedprobabilitiesofoccurrenceandcombinedinaglobalimpactassessment.Theproposedperspectiveandassessmenttechniqueisapplicabletovarioustypesofcivilinfrastructuresystems,butthecaseoftransportationnetworksandbridgesystemsisemphasizedherein.Anumericalapplicationdealingwiththecomparativeanalysisoftwopossiblebridgelayoutsispresentedtoexemplifytheapproach.Theresultsshowthatbothresilienceandsustainabilityanalysesassessarelevantamountoftheimpactofthebridgeonthecommunitywhereitisbuilt,thusneitheronecanbeneglected.

Keywords:

Resilience,Sustainability,Life-Cycle,Assessment,Risk,Infrastructure,Bridges,TransportationNetworks.

Introduction

Thewords“resilience”and“sustainability”arecurrentlydominatingthesceneofresearchtrendsandpracticalinterestsinthefieldofcivilinfrastructure.Fromthedescriptionsoftheopeningfacultypositionsinthetopuniversitiestothetitlesofthemostattendedscientificsymposia;

fromthetopicsofthenewresearchprojectssponsoredbysciencefoundationsaroundtheworldtothemostrecentrequirementsoflocaladministrationsfornewconstructions,“resilience”and“sustainability”arekeywordsthattogetherseemtocovermorethan50%ofthecases.Nevertheless,tothebestoftheauthors’knowledge,thereareveryfewinvestigationsonhowtocombineresilienceandsustainabilityinanunifiedmethodologyfordesign,assessment,andmaintenancemanagementofcivilinfrastructuresystems.

Asevereinefficiencycanbeidentifiedbecausethetheoreticalandpracticaldevelopmentofresilienceandsustainabilityhastakenplaceseparatelyandforthemostpartwithoutamutualconsiderationofthefindings.Themaincauseofthisissuecanprobablybefoundinthedifferenthistoricalorigins.Thispaperpresentsanefforttodevelopaunifiedperspectiveforbothresilienceandsustainability.

Resilienceisametricthatmeasurestheabilityofasystemtowithstandanunusualperturbation,andtorecoverefficientlyfromthedamageinducedbysuchperturbation.Inthecaseofcivilinfrastructure,resilienceisusuallyassociatedwiththeabilitytodeliveracertainservicelevelevenaftertheoccurrenceofanextremeevent,suchasanearthquake,andtorecoverthedesiredfunctionalityasfastaspossible.

Sustainabilityisamodelwhichaddressessimultaneouslytoday’sneedsandtheimpactsonfuturegenerations.Itischaracterizedbyaholisticviewandbringstogetherthreedimensions:

ecology,economyandsociety.Withinthepast25yearsithasbecomeimportantforpoliticalstrategies,forgoalsofnations,cities,andcommunitiesaswellasforbusinessstrategyofcompanies.Along-termsustainabledevelopmentcanonlybeachievediftheideaofsustainabilityisimplementedatdifferentlevels,fromnationalguidelinestothepracticalapplicationonsite.Thedifferentlevelsshouldexchangeinformationandknowledgetoguaranteeanefficientadvancement.

Theoriginalcontributionofthispaperconsistsinaunifiedapproachthatusestheconceptsofprobabilityofoccurrenceandriskinordertoaddresssimultaneouslyandquantitativelyresilienceandsustainabilityofthecivilinfrastructure.

Thefirstpartofthispaperprovidesahistoricalintroductiontobothsustainabilityandresilience,forthebenefitofthosereaderswhomightbeunfamiliarwithatleastoneofthetwoconcepts.Secondly,similaritiesanddifferencesareanalyzedconsideringtheprobabilityofoccurrenceduringthelife-cycle.Afterwards,issuessuchasintegrationofresilienceandsustainabilityforinfrastructures,mid-termstrategies,andlong-termnecessitiesareaddressed.Next,theassessmentoftheimpactonresilienceandsustainabilityofsomepracticaldesigndecisionsisexemplified.Finally,themostrelevantconclusionsaredrawn.

Historyofdiscussioninthefieldofsustainability

Sustainabilityhasrunthroughanintensivelydiscussedprocessofdevelopmentduringthepasttwentyyears.Asaresultabroadarrayofdifferentapproachesandperspectivesexist.Dependingonthefieldofapplication（sustainability-policiesofcountries,sustainability-reportsofcompanies,sustainability-indicesofstockmarkets）theterm“sustainability”isuseddifferentlyandtheindicatorsusedforitsdescriptionaremanifold.Onthebasisofpoliticaldecisionsandstrategies,theimplementationofsustainabledevelopmenthastobeperformedbypracticalactions.Overall,bothpoliticaldecisionsandpracticalimplementationsareimportanttopromotesustainabledevelopment.Tocreateabasicunderstandingofsustainabilityandtoprovideacommonbasisforfurtherdiscussions,abriefoverviewofthehistoryofsustainabilityisprovided.

Macro-leveldevelopmentdrivenbyworldpolitics

Theoriginsofcontentsdiscussedinconnectionwiththeterm“sustainability”gobacktothebeginningofthe20thCenturyandarerootedinthehistoricdevelopmentofenvironmentalism（Pepper2005）.Duringthe1970sand1980s,problemscausedbyenvironmentalpollutionandconsumptionofresourcesbecameincreasinglyimportant.Themostsignificantreportofthattimedealingwiththistopicis“LimitstoGrowth”,publishedbytheClubofRome（Meadowsetal.1972）.Thisreportanalyzesthegrowthofworldpopulationandtheresultingconsumptionofresourcesoverthefollowing100years.Theresultspredictafailureoftheworldeconomyincasetheeconomicsystemandthetreatmentoftheenvironmentwerenotchanged.

TheBrundtlandReport“OurCommonFuture”canbeidentifiedasamilestone（Brundtland1987）.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweendevelopmentandenvironmentalpoliciesanddefinesthemodelofsustainabledevelopmentforthefirsttime:

“Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds”（Brundtland1987）.ThisreportprovidedtheimpetusfortheconventionofthefirstUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,alsoknownas“EarthSummit”（RiodeJaneiro,1992）.ThemostimportantresulthasbeentheadoptionoftheAgenda21whichisanactionprogramcontainingspecifications,interalia,tofightagainstpoverty,energypolicyaswellasfinancialandtechnologicalcooperationofindustrializedanddevelopingcountries（UNCED1993）.Inaddition,theresultshavebeenextendedandstrengthenedduringJohannesburgSummitin2002（UN2002）.ForthefirsttimethetranscriptionintospecificpolicygoalshasbeenrealizedattheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeinKyotoin1997（UN1998）bydeterminingobligatorytargetsforthelimitationofenvironmentalimpacts,suchasthereductionofCO2emissions.

Onthebasisoftheconventionsandreportsmentionedabove,abroaddiscussiondealingwithsustainabilityandsustainabledevelopmenttookplace.Asaresult,anunderstandingofthreedifferentdimensionsorpillarswasdevelopedwhichspecifiedtheconceptualmodelofsustainability.Thethreedimensionsofsustainability—economic,ecologic,andsocial—areinternationallyacceptedasawell-establishedframeworkthesedays（Otto2007）.Severalothercategoriesfororganizingsustainabilityindicatorsandcriteria（suchastechnicalaspects,impactsonlandandwater,hea