英语专业爱默生论文Word文件下载.docx

英语专业爱默生论文Word文件下载.docx

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Abstract

RalphWaldoEmerson（1803—1882）isanoutstandingthinker,writer,lecturerintheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury.HisTranscendentalistIndividualismwascalledthemostimportantmundanereligionandhewascalledtherepresentativeoftheAmericantranscendentalistmovement.Emerson’sIndividualismwasformedunderacertaineconomic,politicalandreligiousbackground.Thethoughtsaboutspirits,personalcharacters,andself-reliancehadmuchinfluencedthereligion,theculture,thesocietyofAmerica.

Thecoreofhisthinkingis“self-reliance”or“independence”—thatisculturalnationalindependencefortheUnitedStates,literarilyindividualindependenceforwritersandreligiousindependencefromthechurch.Asfarasliteratureisconcerned,inabroadsense,Emersonplaceshisemphasisonnationalismratherthancolonialism,advocatingtheAmericanliterature:

typicalAmericancontentandAmericanstyle.Inanarrowsense,Emersonputshisstressontheindividualinsteadofthegroup.Heassertsthatthereisagreatnessineverybodythatneedsonlytobesetfree,soeveryAmericanwritershouldtrusthimself,respecthimselfandwriteaccordingtohisownprinciplesandinhisownpeculiarway.

Thisthesisisdividedintothreeparts.ChapteroneistalkingaboutthegeneralintroductionofEmerson.ChaptertwoexplainsthemainideaofEmerson.ChapterthreeexplainsEmerson’sfourstepsofSelf-Reliance:

stepone,todisengageoneselffromtheinfluenceofothers’opinions;

steptwo,totrustinstinctmoreandreasonedjudgmentless;

stepthree,toactivatesomekindofselectingprinciplewithinthenewlyliberatedperson;

andstepfour,self-reliantaction.Emerson’sideaofself-reliance,leadstothefinalformationofnationalliteratureofAmerica.TheprofoundinfluenceofitcouldbefoundinthethemesandformsemployedbythesucceedingAmericanwriterssuchasWaltWhitman,HermanMelville,RalphElisionandsoon.

Keywords:

RalphWaldoEmerson,transcendentalism,self-reliance

摘要

拉尔夫·

沃尔多·

爱默生（1803-1882）是19世纪美国著名的思想家、演说家和诗人,超验主义的代表人物,其超验个人主义观点被誉为美国世俗宗教,林肯总统称其为“美国精神的先知”。

他的超验个人主义思想,是在特定经济、政治和宗教环境下形成的,重视精神、张扬个性、相信人的潜力、主张自助,这些思想对美国的宗教、文化、民主社会都有着深远的影响。

他的思想核心就是“自立”,即文化上的民族自立,文学上的个性自强和宗教上“精神至上”。

就文学而言,从广义上讲,爱默生强调的是民族的独立,发展具有鲜明民族特色的美国文学,显示地地道道的美国风格。

从狭义上讲,爱默生强调的是个性自强,即每一个人,每一个作家,每一位诗人都应该相信自己,尊重自己,有自己的创作法则,有自己独特的写作和鉴赏风格。

本文主要分为三部分。

第一部分着重介绍爱默生以及他的成就。

第二部分主要分析爱默生的主要观点。

第三部分主要介绍爱默生提出的人走向“自立”的四个步骤。

第一个步骤是要让自己摆脱别人的意见的影响。

第二个步骤是要多相信本能直觉，少信任推理判断。

第三个步骤是从陈规中解放出来后，要有选择性的激活内心的某种原则。

最后一步就是要采取自立的行动。

爱默生强调自由的思想促使美国民族意识高涨，使美国文人开始正视自己，正视自己的民族，催化了美国民族文学的最终形成，并且对后世作家的创作主题和形式产生了深远的影响。

关键词:

拉尔夫·

爱默生,超验主义,自立

CONTENTS

.AConciseIntroductiontoEmerson

1.1RalphWaldoEmerson

1.1.1BiographicalIntroduction

EmersonwasthemostoutstandingAmericanessayistinthe19thcentury.In1803,hewasborninaclergyman’sfamilyinBostonandraisedbyhismotherandaunt.Atthetimewhenhewasborn,Americawaslivelybutdisordered.Somepeoplewereawareoftheappearanceofnewpower,butnobodycouldexpressitclearlyanddirectly.America,fromtheearly1800stotheCivilWar,wasalandofparadoxes,alandstirredbyspiritualdreamsandshapedbytherealityofagrowingmaterialism.Materialistsdemandfactsandevidenceandinsistonthe“animaldemandofman”;

Materialistsjudgeobjectsbyappearance,size,andnumber:

“larger”or“more”means“better”（Abrams,1986）.

Theagehadrejectedtheruinedpromiseandstalewisdomitsawinthe18thcenturyrationalism.Americanshadsoughtnewlibertyandnewthoughtsinlifeandart,buttheexcessesandconflictsoftheirsocietyhadculminatedinthebloodyCivilWar.

EmersonenteredHarvardUniversitywhenhewas14yearsold.Duringthisperiod,hereadalargenumberofbooksaboutBritainromanticismwhichenrichedhisthoughts.Threeyearslater,hegraduatedfromHarvardUniversityandbecameateacherfortwoyears.In1826,heenteredseminaryofHarvardandformallyappointedasapriestin1829.However,heresigned3yearslaterbecauseoftworeasons.Thefirstreasonwasthathewasunsatisfiedwiththedogma.Andtheotherreasonwasthathiswifewasdiedofillness.ThenhetraveledinEuropeandgottoknowsomeoutstandingwriters.Hewasdeeplyattractedbyromanticismandgraduallyformedhisowntranscendentalism.In1834,hereturnedtohiscountryandthenmethissecondwifeinConcord.Inthefollowingtime,hepublishedNaturethatincludesalmostallhisimportantthoughts.Fromthattimeon,hemadeaddresseseverywherepubliclyandgraduallybecameafamousscholarinAmerica（Allen,1981）.Emersonlikedtoholdasmallpartywithhisfriendsandmadediscussionabouttheology,philosophyandsociology.Atthattime,suchkindofpartywascalledtranscendentalismclub.Naturally,EmersonbecametheleaderoftranscendentalismandofcoursehewasresponsibleforbringingtranscendentalismtoEngland.

1.1.2MajorAchievements

TheattitudesofEmersonwereshapedbytheNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionsofEurope.AnewromanticismhadappearedinEnglandinthelastyearsofthe18thcentury.ItspreadtocontinentalEuropeandthencametoAmericaearlyinthe19thcentury.Itwaspluralistic;

itsmanifestationswereasvaried,asanindividualistic,andasconflictingastheculturesandtheintellectsfromwhichitsprang.Yetromanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:

moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception.

EmersoncollectshisspeechmaterialsandwritesabookcalledEssays,includingSelf-reliance,Love,andFriendshipandsoon.Emerson’sEssaysspeakshighlyofthemanwhoshouldtrusttheirownideas.Headvocatesthatamanshoulddevelopthenationalprideandopposetofollowtheothers’saying.AlmostallhisspeecheshaveadeepeffectonAmerica’snationalcivilization.In1837,hepublishedafamousspeechwhichdeclaredthattheAmericanliteraturewasdistinguishedfromBritainliterature.

Heiscertainlythespokesmanoftranscendentalism.TranscendentalismisanAmericanliterary,political,andphilosophicalmovementoftheearlynineteenthcentury,centeredonRalphWaldoEmerson.Transcendentalistsarecriticsoftheircontemporarysocietyforitsunthinkingconformity,andurgethateachpersonfind,inEmerson’swords,“anoriginalrelationtotheuniverse”（1903:

35）.

Buell,aministerandTranscendentalist,notesEmerson’sabilitytoinfluenceandinspireothers:

“thebrilliantgeniusofEmersonroseinthewinternights,andhungoverBoston,drawingtheeyesofingenuousyoungpeopletolookuptothatgreatnewstart,abeautyandamystery,whichcharmedforthemoment,whilegavealsoperennialinspiration,asitledthemforwardalongnewpaths,andtowardsnewhopes”（2003:

66）.

Emersonabandonstheideawhichtakesgodasthecentre.Hebringsthethoughtthatthemancanknowthetruthbyinstinct.Thenhecriesout“BelieveYourself”.Histhoughtsreflecttheadvancingspiritofcapitalismsociety.ThispositivespiritiscalledasAmericanreligionandthenitisregardedasthedevelopmentofnationalspiritofAmerica（Perkins,1999）.HeistheclairvoyantoftheAmericanspiritandbelongstoAmerica,Emerson’sideasandworkslargelypromotetheestablishmentandadvancementofAmericannationalspirit.

Emersonbelievesthatmanisapartofabsolutegood.Tolatergenerations,scaredbythehorrorsoftheCivilWar,histhoughtspersuadethathumanityisgodlikeandthatevilisnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfolly.YetEmerson’sthoughtsarepowerfulexpressionoftheintellectualmoodoftheage,andtheideasithasrepresentedhaveremainedastronginfluenceonAmericanspirit.

.Self-Reliance

2.1GeneralIntroduction

Emerson’sworksdeeplyinfluencereaders,especiallySelf-Reliance,whichisfromEssays.Thisproseiswrittenaccordingtoaseriesofspeechmaterialsbetween1836and1837.Self-Relianceishisimportantworkwhichexpresseshisideaoftranscendentalism.“BelieveYourself”isthecentrepointofSelf-Reliance.Emersonopposesvariousformsofimitationintheworks.Hethinksthemanshouldfirmlybelievethatheisexcellentatanytime.Ifamanisafraidofpublicthought,hewillpossiblylosetheinnovativeabilitywhichisbadforhissuccess.

Ifapersondoesn’twanttolethimorthesocietydown,hemustobeytheprinciplesinhisinnerheart,whilethepeoplewhocomplywiththetradition,authorityorcurrentsystemmeansbreakthisprinciple.TheopinionswhichEmersonexpressesinhisprosearecompletelydifferent.Atthattime,theyagreewiththeAmericanpeople’soptimisticspirit.Aboveall,hebelievesinself-reliance.Hereconstructsthecommonliteratureimagesinwritingskillandendowstheworkswithnewopinions.

Self-reliancebringsconfidenceandenergy,butnotnecessarilycomfortorjoy.Itsmusicisplayedonan“ironstring”.Theimaginationofselvesbecomingreliantisplayedoutagainstthereservationthat“weremainacrostics,puzzlestoourselves”（Christy,1932:

16）.Andthepriceoftheenlightenmentmustbeemotionalisolation:

makingitcleartofather,mother,wife,brother,friend,that“Icannotbreakmyselfanylongerforyou”;

even“ifyouaretrue,butnotinthesametruthwithme,cleavetoyourcompanions;

Iwillse