公共英语考试四级模拟试题1.docx

公共英语考试四级模拟试题1.docx

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公共英语考试四级模拟试题1

2020年公共英语考试四级模拟试题

（1）

　　阅读部分

　　PassageOne

　　Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.

　　Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.

　　Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（栖息地）lossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.

　　What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.

　　Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.

　　Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons（正反两方面）ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield：

energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.

　　Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.

　　1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?

　　A）ByitsproductivityC）Byitsimpactontheenvironment

　　B）ByitssustainabilityD）Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth

　　2.Specialisationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin________.

　　A）LocalisedpollutionC）competitionfromoverseas

　　B）theshrinkingoffarmlandD）thedecreaseofbiodiversity

　　3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices?

　　A）TheyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturiesB）Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth

　　C）TheyarenotnecessarilysustainableD）Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly

　　4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury

　　A）ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB）Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts

　　C）ItwillabandontraditionalfarmingpracticesD）Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment

　　5Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?

　　A）Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment

　　B）Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction

　　C）Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress

　　D）Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis

　　PassageTwo

　　Hawaii'snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago'spoliticalestablishment,whichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntilthesecondworldwarandpeopleofJapanese,ChineseandFilipinoorigins,isopposedtotheidea.

　　TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii'snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate'shomeless,sufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy.

　　ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii'sfirstnativegovernor,JoahnWaihee,hasgiventhenatives'causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertoreestablishasovereignHawaiiannation.

　　However,theHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywithinthestate--asenjoyedbymanyAmer