中国低碳经济的发展外文翻译Word格式.docx

中国低碳经济的发展外文翻译Word格式.docx

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出处：

TheInternationalJournalofSustainableDevelopmentandWorldEcology

作者：

DingDinG,DongBaoDaiandMingZhao

原文：

Keywords:

Low-carboneconomy,climatechange,carbonemissions,developmentstrategies,China

SUMMARY

Underthepressuresofclimatechange,manycountriesaretryingtoadapttoalow-carboneconomy.Inthispaper,wereviewthedevelopmentpatternofthelow-carboneconomyofmajorcountriesanditsimpactontheworldeconomy.Wethenarguethateconomicdevelopmentandabatementofgreenhousegas（GHG）emissionsinChinashouldbebalanced.ThechallengesthatChinafacesshouldalsobeconsideredcarefully.ItisnecessaryforChinatofindanapproachtosolvetheissuesofclimatechange,whichshouldincludenewtechnologiesandestablishingincentivemechanismsandreform-orientedpolicies.Theseguidelinescanadjustthestructureoftheeconomyandenergyuse,improveenergyefficiency,promotethedevelopmentofalternativeandrenewableenergy,enhancethepotentialofcarbonsinks,anddevelopadvancedtechnologytoperfecta'

CleanDevelopmentMechanism'

andsustainabledevelopmentthroughinter-nationalcooperation.

INTRODUCTION：

China'

scurrentcapacitytotackleclimatechangeisrelativelylowduetoitsrapideconomicdevelopment,hugepopulationandcoal-dominatedenergysystem.Thus,Chinafacesgreatchallengesincopingwithclimatechange,namelytheincreasingpressureofCO2emissionsresultingfromthehighdemandforenergyintheprocessofrapidurbanization,industrialization,andglobalization.Theinter-nationalcommunitynowrequestseachcountrytoputmoreeffortintocontrollingclimatechangesandmitigatingtheirconsequencesinordertocopewithincreasinglyseriousglobalclimatechanges.China'

sdomesticneedsanditsglobalclimateresponsibilitiespullthecountryindifferentdirectionsandconfrontChinawithseverepolicychallenges（NDRC2007）.

ClimatechangeisfuellingasignificantrenaissanceinnationalenvironmentalmovementsinEurope.Thebroadaimofthisarticleistoexaminewhetheritwasbettertounderstandtheextenttowhichthe2006StemReviewonclimatechangemarkedadecisiveturningpointintheUK,orwhetheritwasjustanothermissedopportunity（Jordan2007）.Labelledasthemostcomprehensivereviewoftheeconomicsofclimatechangeeverproduced,theStemReviewwascommissionedaspartoftheG8GleneaglesDialogueonClimateChange.Thefollow-upintermsofnewpoliticalandpolicypronouncementsisexamined.Itisconcludedthatfindingwaystounitedomesticandinternationalactionsonclimatechangerepresentsanenormouslytrickypoliticalchallengeforallgovernments.

THEORYANDPRACTICEINTHELOW-CARBONECONOMY

Theideaofalow-carboneconomyisrelatedtothebasicmaterialcyclesonEarth,especiallythecarboncycleandcarbonbalance.Withinagivencarbonbudget,onemaycalculatevariouspublicandcommercialactivitieswithregardtotheircarbonemissions,andusemarketmechanismsfortradingrightsforcarbonemissions,eitherdomesticallyorinternationally,throughmechanismsintheKyotoProtocol.Athoroughreconsiderationofeconomicandsocialactivitieswithregardtothecontrolofgreenhouse（GHG）emissionsmayallowacompletetransformationofthesysteminlinewithlow-carboneconomictheory,andthereforemayprovideasustainablesolutionforglobalclimatechange.Inmanycountries,greatprogresshasbeenmadeinscientificresearchtounderstandtheimpactofhumanactivitiesoncarbonemissionsintermsofinternationalresearchonglobalclimatechanges（Zhao2006）.

Internationalresearchonthelow-carboneconomyiscurrentlyfocusedonthefollowingfourareas:

1）energyconsumption,includingtrans-formingtheenergyconsumptionstructurerelatedandrebuildingenergysystemsintolow-carbonsystems;

2）developmentoftheeconomy,concentratingonrelationsbetweenthemodes,stagesanddevelopmentalspeedsofdifferenteconomicactivitiesandcarbonemissions;

3）agriculturalproduction,comprisingchangesinlanduse,regulationofagriculturallandandchangesinagriculturalproductionlevelsandstructuretoreduceemissions;

4）analysisofeconomicrisksandresearchonvariouscountermeasuresforreductionofcarbonemissions（Zhangetal.2002）.

Besidesrelevantregionalandcomparativeanalyses,moreandmoreimportanceisplacedonintegratedanalysesusingcomprehensivemodelsandlargeamountsofdata,suchascarboncirculation/energymodels,dynamicintegratedevaluationmodelsandenergyconsumptionmodelsforcarbonemissionreduction（Wangetal.2004;

Xu’etal.2006）.However,nosatisfactoryprogresshasbeenmadeintheconversionofenergywithintheinternalelementsgeneratingcarbonemissionsandtheinteractionofallelementsinthecarbonemissioncycle（ERI2005）.

Somedevelopedcountriesthathavecomplexenergysecurityconstraintsregardthereductionofgreenhousegasesemissionsasanintegralpartofenergystrategyadjustment.Thesecountriesareattemptingtobuildalow-carbonemissioneconomybyincreasingenergyefficiency,optimizingenergystructuresandstrengtheningR&

D.ThestrategypursuedbythesecountriesisinaccordwiththeUNGeneralAssembly'

sdeterminationtoinitiateinternationalclimateconventionnegotiations,whichresultedintheKyotoProtocolandtheMontrealClimateChangeConference'

sdecisiontostartPost-KyotoProtocolnegotiationsinDecember2005.TheEuropeanUnionhasbeenveryactiveinthisprocess,andinparticulartheUnitedKingdomandGermanyhavemademajorcommitments（Lietal.2006;

Xu2007）.

Whilesecuringthesupplyofconventionaldomesticpetroleumenergy,manycountriesareactivelydevelopingrenewableenergyandnewenergysources.Manyarereconsideringnuclearpowerdevelopment,andadjustingandoptimizingtheenergystructuretoeffectivelyreducethevolumeofCO2emittedperunitofconsumption.TheEUhasannouncedthedevelopmentgoalofdevelopingnewrenewableenergysources.TheUSAandJapanhavereinforcedtheroleofnuclearpowerintheirenergystrategies,aftera20-yearhistoryofnotbuildingnewnuclearpowerplants.Japancontinuestoimplementplanstoreinforcethenationalpowersupplywithnuclearpowerandtospeedupitsdevelopmentfrom29%atpresentto30%andupto40%by2030.

Itisessentialforallcountriestocreatemorematerialwealthwithlessenergyconsumption.ThiswillprovideeconomicbenefitsandisalsoanimportantmeanstoreduceCO2emissions（Zhuang2005）.Japanwillraiseenergyefficiencyby30%by2030,whiletheEUplanstoreduceitstotalenergyconsumptionby20%by2020,comparedwiththatin2004.TheUSAenergystrategywillconcentrateonproductiontechniquesforadvancedbatteriesandvehiclefuelssuchascellulosicethanolandhydrogen,andhowtousesophisticatedbutcleanenergytechnologies,namelycleancoal,nuclearenergy,solarenergyandwindenergy.Japanisemphasisingresearchonsuper-burning,supertimeandspaceenergyutilizationandadvancedenergy-savingtechniques.TheEUproposestodeveloptheworld'

smostadvancedenergytechnologiesandacceleratethedevelopmentofnewtechnologiessuchasnuclearfusionITER,newfuelcells,carboncaptureandstorage,renewableenergyandgashydrates.

CLIMATECHANGECHALLENGESINCHINA

Climatechangeisanoverallglobalconcern,andenergyisthematerialbasisandguaranteeforthesustainablegrowthofChina'

seconomy.Chinaisalsooneofthemainemissionsourcesforgreen-housegases.Ontheonehand,Chinacurrentlyhasashortageofenergy,while,ontheotherhand,itconsumestoomuchenergy,whichincreasestheemissionofCO2.Endeavourtocontrolgreen-housegasemissionsandstrengthenitssustainablegrowthcapabilityisbothafulfillmentoftherequirementsoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeandtheinevitableresultofthefullimplementationofscientificdevelopmentconceptsinthisnewsituation.

Greenhousegasesemittedfromenergyconsumptionaccountformorethan70%oftotalemissionsinChina.Accordingtothe'

InitialNationalCommunicationonClimateChangeofthePeople'

sRepublicofChina'

China'

stotalGHGemissionsin1994were4,060milliontonsofCO2（equivalentto3,650milliontonsnetemission）,ofwhich3,070milliontonsofCO2,730milliontonsofCO2equivalents（tCO2e）ofmethane（CH4）and260milliontCO2eofnitrousoxides（N2O）.ArecentpreliminaryestimateindicatedthattheemissionvolumeofN2O,CH4andN2OinChinawasapproximately6.9billiontonsofequivalentweightofCO2,amongwhich,5.65billiontonswasCO2,900milliontonswasCH4and360milliontonswasN2O.ThetotalproportionoftheemissionvolumeofCO2rosefrom75.6%in1994to81.9%in2005.CO2emissionsfromfossilfuelsinChinaaccountforabout18%oftheworldtotal.CO2emissionsfromburningfossilfuelsinChinawere4.73billiontonsin2004,81.6%ofthatintheUSAand4.3-timesasmuchasinIndia,accountingfor17.8%ofthetotal26.6billiontonsworldwide.CO2emissionsfromburningfossilfuelsinChinarosefrom10.9%in1990to17.8%in2004.ItisestimatedthatChinamightovertaketheUSAtobethelargestCO2emitterintheworldin2007.CO2emissionperunitofprimaryenergyinChinaisrising,andis24%higherthantheworldaverage.Ascarboncontentandcombustionefficiencyvariesgreatlyindifferentenergysources,differentenergystructurescanbedistinguishedinCO2emissions.CO2emittedperunitofprimaryenergyinChinawas2.94tonspertonpetroleum,24%abovetheworldaverageof2.37tonsCO2/tonpetroleum,18%higherthanintheUSA（2.49tonsCO2/tonpetr