雅思阅读之牢记8组常见关系词Word下载.docx

雅思阅读之牢记8组常见关系词Word下载.docx

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　　acaseinpoint,afterall,asanproof,asanillustration,asanexample,forexample,forinstance,inparticular,justas,namely,specifically,toillustrate,todemonstrate

　　②表示增补

　　additionally,alongwith,also,aswellas,besides,equally,even,furthermore,inaddition,justas,moreover,notonly…butalso…,what’smore

　　③表示强调

　　aboveall,asamatteroffact,indeed,infact,mostimportant,obviously,tobesure,truly,undoubtedly,withoutdoubt

　　④表示比较

　　bycomparison,equally,equallyimportant,incomparison,inthesameway,inthesamemanner,likewise,similarly

　　⑤表示让步

　　admittedly,afterall,allthesame,although,evenso,inspiteof,nevertheless

　　⑥表示结果

　　accordingly,asaresult,consequently,forthisreason,hence,inthisway,so,therefore,thus.

　　⑦表示转折

　　although,but,despite,exceptfor,though,however,inspiteof,instead,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,otherwise,ratherthan,though,yet.

　　⑧表示结论

　　ashasbeennoted（mentioned,stated）,atlast,finally,inaword,allinall,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insum,insummary,toconclude,tosumup,tosummarize.

　　雅思阅读机经真题解析-农村交通方案

　　Formorethan40years,PracticalActionhaveworkedwithpoorcommunitiestoidentifythetypesoftransportthatworkbest,takingintoconsiderationculture,needsandskills.Withourtechnicalandpracticalsupport,isolatedruralcommunitiescandesign,buildandmaintaintheirownsolutions.

　　AWhilstthefocusofNationalDevelopmentPlansinthetransportsectorliesheavilyintheareasofextendingroadnetworksandbridges,therearestillmajorgapsidentifiedinaddressingtheneedsofpoorercommunities.Thereisaneedtodevelopandpromotethesustainableuseofalternativetransportsystemsandintermediatemeansoftransportation（IMTs）thatcomplementthelinkagesofpoorpeoplewithroadnetworksandothersocio-economicinfrastructurestoimprovetheirlivelihoods.

　　BOntheotherhand,thedevelopmentofallweatheredroads（only30percentofruralpopulationhaveaccesstothissofar）andmotorablebridgesareverycostlyforacountrywithasmallandstagnanteconomy.Inadditiontheseinterventionsarenotalwaysfavourableinallgeographicalcontextsenvironmentally,sociallyandeconomically.Morethan60percentofthenetworkisconcentratedinthelowlandareasofthecountry.Althoughthereareanumberofalternativewaysbywhichtransportationandmobilityneedsofruralcommunitiesinthehillscanbeaddressed,alackofcleargovernmentfocusandpolicies,lackoffiscalandeconomicincentives,lackofadequatetechnicalknowledgeandmanufacturingcapacitieshaveledtounder-developmentofthisalternativetransportsub-sectorincludingtheprovisionofIMTs.

　　COneofthemajorcausesofpovertyisisolation.Improvingtheaccessandmobilityoftheisolatedpoorpavesthewayforaccesstomarkets,servicesandopportunities.Byimprovingtransportpoorerpeopleareabletoaccessmarketswheretheycanbuyorsellgoodsforincome,andmakebetteruseofessentialservicessuchashealthandeducation.Noproperroadsorvehiclesmeanwomenandchildrenareforcedtospendmanyhourseachdayattendingtotheirmostbasicneeds,suchascollectingwaterandfirewood.Thisvaluabletimecouldbeusedtotendcrops,careforthefamily,studyordevelopsmallbusinessideastogeneratemuchneededincome.

　　DRoadBuilding

　　Withoutroads,ruralcommunitiesareextremelyrestricted.Collectingwaterandfirewood,andgoingtolocalmarketsisahugetask,thereforeitisunderstandablethattheconstructionofroadsisamajorpriorityformanyruralcommunities.PracticalActionarehelpingtoimproveruralaccess/transportinfrastructuresthroughtheconstructionandrehabilitationofshortruralroads,smallbridges,culvertsandothertransportrelatedfunctions.Theaimistousemethodsthatencouragecommunitydrivendevelopment.Thismeansvillagerscanimprovetheirownlivesthroughbetteraccesstomarkets,healthcare,educationandothereconomicandsocialopportunities,aswellasbringingimprovedservicesandsuppliestothenow-accessiblevillages.

　　EDrivingforwardnewideas

　　PracticalActionandthecommunitiesweworkwithareconstantlycraftingandhoningnewideastohelppoorpeople.Cycletrailershaveapracticalbusinessusetoo,helpingpeoplecarrytheirgoods,suchasvegetablesandcharcoal,tomarketsforsale.Notonlythat,butthoseonthepoverty-linecancamadecentincomebymaking,maintainingandoperatingbicycletaxis.WithPracticalActionsknow-how.SriLankancommunitieshavebeenabletostartabusserviceandmaintaintheroadsalongwhichittravels.Theimpacthasbeenremarkable.ThisservicehasputanendtoruralpeoplessocialisolationQuickandaffordable,itgivesthemareliablewaytotraveltothenearesttown,andnowtheirchildrencangetaneducation,makingitfarmorelikelytheyllfindapathoutofpoverty.PracticalActionisalsoanactivememberofmanynationalandregionalnetworksthroughwhichexchangeofknowledgeandadvocatingbasedonactionresearcharccarriedoutandoneconspicuousexampleistheLankaOrganicAgricultureMovement.

　　FSky-scrapingtransportsystem

　　Forpeoplewholiveinremote,mountainousareas,gettingfoodtomarketinordertoearnenoughmoneytosurviveisaseriousissue.Thehillsaresosteepthattravellingdownthemisdangerous.Aportercanhelpbuttheyareexpensive,anditwouldstilltakehoursorevenaday.Thejourneycantakesolongthattheirgoodsstarttoperishandbecomeworthlessandless.PracticalActionhavedevelopedaningenioussolutioncalledanaerialropeway.Itcancitheroperatebygravitationforceorwiththeuseofexternalpower.Theropewayconsistsoftwotrolleysrollingoversupporttracksconnectedtoacontrolcableinthemiddlewhichmovesinatraditionalflywheelsystem.Thetrolleyatthetopisloadedwithgoodsandcantakeupto120kg.Thisispulleddowntothestationatthebottom,eitherbytheforceofgravityorbyexternalpower.Theothertrolleyatthebottomisthereforepulledupwardsautomatically.Theexternalpowercanbeproducedbyamicrohydrosystemifaccesstoanelectricitygridisnotanoption.

　　GBringingpeopleonboard

　　PracticalActiondevelopedatwo-wheeledirontrailerthatcanbeattachedviaahitchbehindthescat）toabicycleandbeusedtocarryheavyloads（uptoaround200kgs）offood,waterorevenpassengers.Peoplecannowcarrythreetunesasmuchasbeforeandstillpedalthebicycle.Thecycletrailersareusedfortransportinggoodsbylocalproducers,asambulances,asmobileshops,andevenasmobilelibraries.Theyaremadeinsmallvillageworkshopsfromirontubing,whichiscut,bent,weldedanddrilledtomaketheframeandwheels.Modificationsarealsocarriedouttothetrailersintheseworkshopsattherequestofthebuyers.Thetwo-wheeledambulanceismadefrommouldedmetal,withstandardrubber-tyredwheels.The"

bed"

sectioncanbepaddedwithcushionstomakethepatientcomfortable,whilethe"

seat"

sectionallowsafamilymembertoattendtopatientduringtransit.Adedicatedbicycleisneededtopulltheambulancetrailer,sothatothercommunitymembersdonotneedtogowithoutthebicyclestheydependonintheirdailylives.Ajoiningmechanismallowsforeasyremovalandattachment.Inresponsetousercomments,acoverhasbeendesignedthatcanbeaddedtogiveprotectiontothepatientandattendantinpoorweatherMadeoftreatedcotton,thecoverisdurableandwaterproof.

　　Questions1-4

　　DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?

　　Inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet,write

　　YESifthestatementistrue

　　NOifthestatementisfalse

　　NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

　　1.Aslowdevelopingeconomyoftencannotaffordsomeroadnetworksespeciallyforthoseusedregardlessweatherconditions.

　　2.Ruralcommunitiesofficialsknowhowtoimprovealternativetransporttechnically.

　　3.TheprimaryaimforPracticalActiontoimproveruraltransportinfrastructuresismeanttoincreasethetradeamongvillages.

　　4.LankaOrganicAgricultureMovementprovidedservicethatPracticalActionhighlyinvolvedin.

　　Questions5-8

　　Answerthequestionsbelow.

　　ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.

　　Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.

　　5.WHATisthefirstdutyformanyruralcommunitiestoreachunrestricteddevelopment?

　　6.WHATwasoneofthenewideastohelppoorpeoplecarrytheirgoods,suchasvegetablesandcharcoal,tomarketsforsale?

　　7.WHATservicehasputanendtoruralpeoplessocialisolationinSriLanka?

　　8.WHATsolutionhadbeenappliedforpeoplewholiveinremote,mountainousareasgettingfoodtomarket?

　　Questions9-13

　　Summary

　　CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethantwowordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes11-14onyouranswersheet.

　　Besidesnormaltransporttask,changesarealsoimplementedtothetrailersintheseworkshopsattherequestofthebuyerswhenitwasusedonmedicalemergencyoramoveable9;

Ambulanceismadefrommetal,withrubberwheelsanddrivebyanotherbicycle.Whenputwith10inthetwo-wheeledambulance,thepatientcanstaycomfortableandwhichanother11cansitoncaringforpatientintransportjourney.Inordertodismantleorattachotherequipment,anassembling12isdesigned.Later,asuserssu