初中英语语法归纳Word格式.docx
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2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作.
WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.
WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.
3)句型:
Itistimeforsb.todosth"
到……时间了"
"
该……了"
Itistimesb.didsth."
时间已迟了"
早该……了"
Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了.
Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了.
would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示’宁愿某人做某事’
I’dratheryoucametomorrow.
4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等.
Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些.
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在.
Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.
(含义:
她已不在人间.)
Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.
她现在还活着)
Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.
达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.)
Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.
(含义:
现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.
1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等.
Didyouwantanythingelse?
Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.
2)情态动词could,would.
Couldyoulendmeyourbike?
3.usedto/beusedto
usedto+do:
"
过去常常"
表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在.
Motherusednottobesoforgetful.
Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(过去常常散步)
beusedto+doing:
对……已感到习惯,或"
习惯于"
to是介词,后需加名词或动名词.
Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.
Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(现在习惯于散步)
典型例题
----Yourphonenumberagain?
I___quitecatchit.
----It’s69568442.
A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t
答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时.
4.一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替.
will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称.
WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.
Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?
2)begoingto+不定式,表示将来.
a.主语的意图,即将做某事.
Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?
b.计划,安排要发生的事.
Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.
c.有迹象要发生的事
Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.
3)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.
WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.
4)beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事.
HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.
beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.
5.begoingto/will
用于条件句时,begoingto表将来
will表意愿
Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you’dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.
Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.
6.beto和begoingto
beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事.
begoingto表示主观的打算或计划.
Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)
I’mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)
7.一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词:
come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来.这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.
Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.
Whendoesthebusstar?
Itstarsintenminutes.
2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:
Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.
Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.
3)在时间或条件句中.
WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.
I’llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.
4)在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后.
Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.
Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.
11.用于现在完成时的句型
1)Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.
ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.
Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.
2)Thisisthe…that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时.
ThisisthebestfilmthatI’ve(ever)seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影.
Thisisthefirsttime(that)I’veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌.
(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall?
---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.
A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming
答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B.
(2)---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?
---No,it’sthefirsttimeI___here.
A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome
答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时.ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中,从句要用完成时.
非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用.即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的.
(错)Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.
(对)Ihaven’treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.
12.比较since和for
Since用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度.
Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.
IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn..
Myaunthasworkedinaclinicsince1949.
Somenewoilfieldshavebeenopenedupsince1976.
IhaveknownXiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.
MybrotherhasbeenintheYouthLeaguefortwoyears.
Ihavenotheardfrommyuncleforalongtime.
并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时.
Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.
(我现在已不在这里工作.)
Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.
(现在我仍在这里工作.)
小窍门:
当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使.
1)(对)TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.
=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.
2)(错)Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.
=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.
13.since的四种用法
1)since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix).
Ihavebeenheresince1989.
2)since+一段时间+ago
Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.
3)since+从句
Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.
Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.
4)Itis+一段时间+since从句
ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.
被动语态的几种类型
1)主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态,如:
Hesawherintheshopyesterday.
Shewasseenintheshopyesterday.
2)主语有两个宾语的被动语态
LiLeigavemeachemistrybook.
IwasgivenachemistrybookbyLiLei.
AchemistrybookwasgiventomebyLiLei.
3)主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态
若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"
to"
.此类动词为
感官动词:
feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watch
Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.
-->
Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).
Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.
Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.
若宾语补足语是带to的不定式,那么被动语态仍保留to:
Mothertoldmenottobelate
Iwastoldnottobelatebymother.
5)情态动词+be+过去分词,构成被动语态.
Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.
6)表示"
据说"
或"
相信"
的词组
believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand
Itissaidthat…据说
Itisreportedthat…据报道
Itisbelievedthat…大家相信
Itishopedthat…大家希望
Itiswellknownthat…众所周知
Itisthoughtthat…大家认为
Itissuggestedthat…据建议
Itistakengrantedthat…被视为当然
Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家决定
Itmustberememberthat…务必记住的是
ItissaidthatshewillleaveforWuhanonTuesday.
14.延续动词与瞬间动词
1)用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历;
瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用.
Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作.(表结果)
I’veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了.(表经历)
2)用于till/until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"
做……直到……"
瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"
到……,才……"
Hedidn’tcomebackuntilteno’clock.
他到10点才回来.
Hesleptuntilteno’clock.
他一直睡到10点.
1.Youdon’tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.
A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet
答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述.再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时.
2.---I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.
---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.
A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe
答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现
.不定式作宾语
1)动词+不定式
affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake
举例:
Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车.
Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案.
2)动词+不定式;
动词+宾语+不定式
ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wish…
Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁.
Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁.
IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话.
IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话.
3)动词+疑问词+to
decide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tell
Pleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做.
Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种.
注意:
疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数.
Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施.
2.不定式作补语
1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)
adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn
例句:
a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍.
b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.
我们相信他是有罪的.
Find的特殊用法:
Find后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to的动词不定式.find后也可带一个从句.此类动词还有get,have.
Ifoundhimlyingontheground.
Ifounditimportanttolearn.
IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.
典型例题:
Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.
A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying
答案:
A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用