大学六级模拟571Word下载.docx
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Youshouldwriteatleast150words.followingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
1.闭队精神对人的成长至又重要
2.但现在许多人缺乏闭队精神
3.在我看来……
HowtoCultivateTeamSpirit?
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PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
Depression
Inbed,youtossandturn,unabletogetagoodnight'
ssleep.Youfeelanxiousandworried.There'
splentytodo,buttheworkpilesupbecauseyoufeellistlessandtired.Youdon'
tevenwanttodoanythingfun.Friendstellyouto"
pullyourselftogether,"
butyoufeelhelplessandhopeless.Youhavedifficultyconcentratingandmakingdecisions.Whenyoulookinthemirror,youhateyourself.Youaredefinitelyinoneoflife'
svalleys—youaredepressed.
Everyonegetsthebluesonceinawhile.Emotionallowsandhighsareanormalpartoflife.Thebluesbecomedepressionwhenyoufeelsosleepyandlistlessthatyoucan'
tfunctionnormallyineverydaylife.
TypesofDepression
Depressioncanrangefromamildpanictoself-destructiveorsuicidalbehavior,It'
simportanttounderstandthevarioustypesofdepressionsothatyoucanrecognizethem.
Depressionoccursatallages,althoughmajordepressiveepisodespeakbetweentheagesof55and70inmenand20and45inwomen.Abouthalfofthosewhoexperienceanepisodeofmajordepressionwillhaveanotherwithintwoyears.Forsomepeople,episodesofdepressionareseparatedbyseveralyears,whileotherssuffergroupsofepisodesoverashorttimespan.Betweenepisodes,suchindividualsfeelwell.
Majordepressivedisorderaffectsapproximately14.8millionAmericanadults—or6.7percentoftheU.S.populationaged18yearsandolder—inagivenyear.Majordepressivedisorderismorecommoninwomenthaninmen.Althoughtreatmentcanhelpmorethan80percentofpeoplewithseveredepression,mostpeoplewithdepressiondonotseektreatment.
●Reactivedepression.Thistypeofdepressionisareactiontostressfulevents—divorce,deathofalovedone,achronicillness,apersonaltragedy,orevensocialisolation,whichtheelderlyfrequentlyexperience.Thepersonisunabletorecovernormallyfromthefeelingsassociatedwiththeevent.Commonfeelingsincludeself-pity,pessimism,andlossofinterestinlife.Itaffectspeopleofallages.
●SeasonalAffectiveDisorder(SAD).Ifyouliveinthenorthernlatitudesandsufferdepressionduringthewintermonths,youmaysufferfromseasonalaffectivedisordercausedbyalackofexposuretosunlight.Doctorsaren'
tsureexactlywhatphysiologicalmechanismsareatworkinSAD,buttheyspeculatethatdepressedfeelingsandothersymptomsmaybeduetoanincreaseinthereleaseofthehormonemeltonin.SADsufferersfeellethargicandirritable.Theymayalsosufferfromchronicheadaches,increasedappetite,weightgain,andanincreasedneedforsleep.Forunknownreasons,SADistrulya"
woman'
sdepression,"
inthatwomenmakeup70percentto80percentofthoseaffected.SinceabouthalfofallSADsufferershaverelativeswhoalsosufferfromSADorotheremotionalproblems,researchersspeculatethattheproblemmaybeinherited.
●Biochemicaldepression.Doctorsaren'
tsurewhy,butsomepeopledevelopabiochemicallybaseddepressionsometimeduringmidlife.It'
slikelythatthistypeofdepressioniscausedbybiochemicalproblemswithinthebrain.Theproblemusuallyrespondswelltoantidepressantmedication.Youmaybemorelikelytodevelopthistypeofchemicaldepressionifothermembersofyourfamilyhavealsosufferedfromthisproblem.
●Diseaseordrug-relateddepression.SomediseasessuchasAIDS,stroke,chronicpain,andhypothyroidism(甲状腺功能减退)cancausedepression.Inhypothyroidism,thethyroidgland(甲状腺)malfunctions,leadingtotoolittleornothyroidhormonecirculatinginthebloodstream.Inadditiontodepression,othersymptomsofhypothyroidismincludefatigue,weakness,weightgain,impairedmemory,andshortnessofbreath.Fortunately,thedepressionandothersymptomsofhypothyroidismcanbeeffectivelytreatedwithadequatedosesofthyroidhormone.
Certaindrugssuchasalcohol,tranquilizers(镇定剂),andheartandbloodpressuremedications,aswellaswithdrawalfromsomestreetdrugslikecocaine,cancausedrug-relateddepression.Somewomenwhotakebirthcontrolpillsfindthedrugsmakethemirritable,anxious,anddepressed.Andadeficiencyinsomenutrientshasbeenlinkedtodepression.
●Teenagedepression.Recognizingdepressioninchildrenisimportant.Depressioninteenagersmayappearsomewhatdifferentfromadultdepression.Theteenageyearsareaperiodofcomplicatedconflictsthatleadmanyyoungpeopletodevelopnegativeself-esteem,anxieties,andfearsabouttheirfuture.Someyoungpeoplebecomeoverwhelmedbypeerpressuresandfeelingsofisolationandpowerlessness.Socialexpectationsmaybeunrealistic,anddoingpoorlyinschoolcanleadtoafeelingofrejection.Theyoungpersonmayhaveexperiencedalackofsupportfromfamilyandothersignificantpeopleandadecreaseinhisorherabilitytocopeeffectively.(Asisthecaseforadults,treatmentfordepressioninteenagersmayinvolveacombinationoftherapies.)CausesofDepression
Depressionmayberelatedtomanyfactors,includingafamilyhistoryofdepression,medicalillnesses,alcohol,drugs,gender,andage.Additionally,anindividual'
sself-confidence,personalitytraits—suchasdependencyonothersorperfectionism—andunrealisticexpectationsmayleadtodepression.Stressfulevents,suchasdeathofaspouseorlossofajob,alsocontributetodepression.Manypeoplewithmajordepressionalsosufferfromintenseanxiety.
●TheoriesofDepression.Therearemanytheoriesaboutthecausesofdepression.Thesociallearningtheory,suggeststhatlackofpositivereinforcementfromothersmayleadtonegativeself-evaluationandapooroutlookforthefuture.Thepsychoanalytictheory,suggeststhatasignificantloss(suchasofaparent)orawithdrawalofaffectioninchildhood(whetherrealorperceived)mayleadtodepressioninlaterlife.Interpersonaltheoryemphasizestheimportanceofsocialconnectionsforgoodmentalhealth.Othertheoriessuggestthatunrealisticexpectationsofoneselfandothersandlossofsell-esteemareessentialcomponentsleadingtodepression.
Someindividualsmaybebiologicallypredisposedtodepression;
inotherwords,theymayhavebeenbornwithatendencytodevelopdepression.Researcherscontinuetoinvestigatechemicalreactionsinthebodythatarecontrolledbythesegenes.Depressionoftenrunsinfamilies.Forexample,ifoneidenticaltwinsuffersfromdepression,theothertwinhasa70percentchanceofalsohavingtheillness.
●EnvironmentalInfluences.Researchersviewdepressionastheresultofinteractionbetweenenvironmentalandbiologicalfactors.Depressioncanbeendogenous(internallycaused)orexogenous(relatedtooutsideevents).Majorchangesinone'
senvironment,suchasamoveorjobchange,oranymajorloss,suchasadivorceordeathofalovedone,canbringondepression.Feelingdepressedinresponsetothesechangesisnormal,butwhenitbecomesaseverelongtermcondition(longerthanonemonth)andinterfereswitheffectivefunctioning,itrequirestreatment.
Someenvironmentalfactorsrelatingtodepressionincludebeingunemployed,poor,elderly,oralone.Depressionchangesone'
swayoflookingatordinarylifecircumstances.Adepressedpersontendstoexaggeratenegativeaspects,whichleadstofeelingsofhopelessness,helplessness,andbeingoverwhelmed.
SymptomsofDepression
Howdoyourecognizesymptomsofdepressioninyourselfandothers?
Peoplewhosufferfromdepressionhaveanumberofsymptomsnearlyeveryday,allday,toratleasttwoweeks.Depressedpeoplehavefeelingsofextremesadness,hopelessness,despair,lowself-worth,andhelplessness.Forsomepeople,depressionismarkedbyanxiety,withdrawalfromothers,lossofsleeporexcessiveneedforsleep,constantfatigue,lossofappetiteorcompulsiveeating,lossofsexualdesire,eitherlethargyoragitation,aninabilitytoconcentrateandmakedecisions,andpossiblyexaggeratedfeelingsofguilt.
Manydepressedindividualshavementalandphysicalsymptomsthatseemendlessanddonotgetbetterwithhappyeventsorgoodnews.Somedepressedpeoplearesodisabledbytheirconditionthattheydon'
thaveenoughenergytocallafriend,relative,ormedicalprofessionalforhelp.Ifanotherpersoncallsforthem.thesepeoplemayrefusetogobecausetheyhavenohopethattheycanbehelped.However,familyandfriendsshouldkeeptryingtogetthedepressedpersontoseekhelp,becauseupto15percentofthosewhosufferfromsevereclinicaldepressioncommitsuicide.
1.Majordepressiveepisodeshappentowomenearlierthanmen.
2.Peoplewhosufferfromgroupsofdepressiveepisodesfeelbadallthetime.
3.Alargepercentageofseveredepressioncanherelievedortreatedbutinreality,mostofthemarenotseriouslytaken.
4.Peoplewhosufferfromthereactivedepressionareverypossiblyunabletoleadanormallife.
5.DoctorsassumethatSeasonalAffectiveDisordermightoccurwhenthereisahigherdegreeofreleased______.
6.Somemiddle-agedpeopletendtosufferfromBiochemicaldepressionwhichmightresult