英国文学笔记文档格式.docx
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OldEnglishliteraturehassurviveddividedintotwogroups.
Religiousgroup:
GenesisA
GenesisB
basedonbiblicalthemestheOldTestament
Exodus
TheDreamoftheRood
Thesecularone:
TheWanderer
Deor
Theseafarer
Thewife’scomplaint
Beowulf:
atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetry,isregardedasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.Itisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.
AftertheNorman’sconquest,threelanguagesco-existedinEngland.FrenchistheofficiallanguagethatisusedbykingandtheNormanlords.Latinistheprincipaltongueofchurchaffairsandinuniversities.OldEnglishwasspokenonlybythecommonEnglishpeople.
Inthesecondhalfof14thcentury,GerofferyChaucer,WilliamLangland,JohnGower,andothers
Recite:
Romance:
whichusesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.Ithasdevelopedthecharacteristicmedievalmotifsofthequest,thetest,themeetingwiththeevilgiantandtheencounterwiththebeautifulbeloved.Theheroisusuallytheknight,whosetsoutonajourneytoaccomplishsomemissions.Thereisoftenmysteriesandfantasiesinromance.Romanticloveisanimportantpartoftheplotinromance.Characterizationisstandardized,Whilethestructureislooseandepisodic,thelanguageissimpleandstraightforward.Theimportanceoftheromanceitselfcanbeseenasameansofshowingmedievalaristocraticmenandwomeninrelationtotheiridealizedviewoftheworld.
Heroiccouplet:
Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.ItisChaucerwhouseditforthefirsttimeinEnglishinhisworkTheLegendofGoodWoman.
DefinetheperiodofOldEnglishliteratureandmedievalliterature:
TheperiodofOldEnglishliteraturebeginswiththeAnglo-SaxonssettlementinEnglandatabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanConquestofEngland.TheMedievalPeriodinEnglishliteraturestartat1066,theyearoftheNormanConquest,andendsataboutthe15thcentury,isalmostabarrenoneinliterarycreation.Whileinthelaterperiod,startingfromthesecondhalfofthe14thcentury,EnglishliteratureflourisheswiththeappearanceofwriterslikeGeoffreyChaucer,WilliamLangland,JohnGower,andothers,
4.
ThethemeofBeowulf:
thepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofthenaturemythsandheroiclegends.
5.
WhatdoesthecharacterthewifeofBathinTheCanterburyTalesrepresent?
Andhowdoestheauthordevelophischaracterization?
TheWifeofBathisdepictedasthenewbourgeoiswifeassertingherindependence.Chaucerdevelopshischaracterizationtoahigherartisticlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.
6.
Chauceriscalled“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”andhasmadegreatcontributionstoEnglishpoetryandEnglishliterature.PleasediscussChaucer’sliteraryachievementandwhyheiscalled”thefatherofEnglishpoetry”
Chaucer’sachievement:
hepresentedacomprehensiverealisticpictureofhisageandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersinhisworks,especiallyinTheCanterburyTales.2.Heanticipatedanewear,theRenaissance,tocomeundertheinfluenceoftheItalianwriters.3.Hedevelopedhischaracterizationtoahigherlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.4.hegreatlycontributedtothematuringofEnglishpoetry.Today,Chaucer’sreputationhasbeensecurelyestablishedasoneofthebestEnglishpoetsforhiswisdom,humorandhumanity.
Whyheiscalled“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”:
Originally,OldEnglishpoemsaremainlyalliterativeverseswithfewvariations.ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit.InTheRomauntoftheRose,hefirstintroducedtotheEnglishtheisosyllabiccouplet.InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet.Andinhismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.HisartmadehimoneofthegreatestpoetsinEnglish;
JohnDrydencalledhim“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”.
ChapterI
theRenaissancePeriod
Renaissance:
itismarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid17thcenturies.ItfirststartedfromItalyandthenspreadalloverEurope.Therenaissance,whichmeans“rebirth”or“revival”,isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchastherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology,thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.
ThebackgroundoftheEngland
TheEnglandisunrest,andisavolcanicperiodofEnglishhistory.Thewar-likenoblesseizedthepowerofEnglandandturneditintoself-destruction.ThefrightfulreignofRichardIIImarkedtheendofcivilwars,untilthereignofHenryVIII(1509-1547)thattheRenaissancereallybegantoshowitseffectinEngland
Humanism:
itistheessenceoftheRenaissance.HumanismisasystemofbeliefsupheldbywritersandartistsoftheRenaissanceperiodintheirfightingagainstmedievalasceticism.Itstatesthatmanisgodly,thatmanisabletofindtruth,goodnessandbeauty,andthatmanisincontrolofthepresentliferatherthanbeingcontrolledbyGod.Briefly,humanismputsmanatthecenteroftheirbeliefsandtakesmantobethemeasureofeverythingwhiletheformerasceticismputsGodatthecenteroftheirbeliefsandtakespersonalsalvationtobethemostimportantthingontheearthforman.
Religiousreformation:
itisMartinLuther,aGermanProtestant,whoinitiatedtheReformation.LutherbelievedthateverytrueChristianwashisownpriestandwasentitledtointerprettheBibleforhimself.
HenryVIIIwasregardedasthefaithfulsonoftheCatholic,hiswifecutthetieswithRome
EdwardVI
thereformofthechurch’sdoctrineandteachingwascarriedout
Mary
therewasaviolentswingtoCatholicism.
Elizabeth’sreign
Protestantismhasbeenfirmlyestablished.
Thereligiousreformationwasactuallyareflectionoftheclassstrugglewagedbythenewrisingbourgeoisieagainstthefeudalclassanditsideology.
Blankverse:
istheunrhymediambicpentameterline,ItwasSurreywhofirstbroughtitinandMarlowewhoperfecteditwithhis“mightyline”
Metaphysicalpoetry:
Theterm“metaphysicalpoetry”iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.Thedictionissimpleandechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.ModernpoetslikeT.S.Eliothavebeenmostlyaffectedbythemetaphysicalinfluence.
7.
TheRenaissanceheroisMarlowe’screation,Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.HeembodiesMarlowe’shumanisticidealofhumandignityandcapacity.Differentfromthetragicheroinmedievalplays,whoseeksthewaytoheaventhroughsalvationandGod’swill,heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts,Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.BothTamburlaineandFaustusaretypicalinpossessingsuchaspirit.
8.
giveagreatincentivetosomething
9.
WilliamCaxton,whointroducedprintingintoEngland.Including
TheCanterburyTablesandMalory’sMorteDarthur
10.
it’sthemainstreamofthesth
11.
Itcouldbedatedbacktothe……
12.
Interludesandmoralityplaysthrivinginthemedievalperiod
13.
butthedevelopmentofthedramaintoasophisticatedartform
14.
Theymadeavividdepictionofthesharpconflictsbetweenfeudalismandtherisingbourgeoisieinatransitionalperiod.
15.
FrancisBacon(1561-1626),thefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isbestknownforhisessayswhichgreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofthisliteraryform.HewasalsothefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.Hiswritingspavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethod.Thus,heisundoubtedlyoneoftherepresentativesoftheEnglishRenaissance.
16.
Themainwriters
A.
EdmundSpenser(1552-1