英语六级改革长篇阅读模拟练习Word文档格式.docx

英语六级改革长篇阅读模拟练习Word文档格式.docx

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A）Wearesurroundedbysomuchpaperandcardthatitiseasytoforgetjusthowcomplexitis.Therearemanyvarietiesandgradesofpapermaterials,andwhilstitisfairlyeasytospotthevarieties,itisfarmoredifficulttospotthegrades.

　　B）Itneedstobeunderstoodthatmostpaperandcardismanufacturedforaspecificpurpose,sothatwhilstthecorn-flakepacketmaylooksmart,itisclearlynotsomethingdestinedforthearchives.Itismadetolookgood,butonlyneedsalimitedlifespan.Itisalsomuchcheapertomanufacturethanhighgradecard.

　　C）Papercanbemadefromanalmostendlessvarietyofcellulose-basedmaterialwhichwillincludemanywoods,cottonsandgrassesorwhichpapyrusisanexampleandfromwherewegettheword"

paper"

.Manyoftheseareveryspecialized,butthepreponderanceofpapermakinghasbeenfromsoftwoodandcottonorrags,withthebulkbeingwood-based.

　　PaperfromWood

　　D）Inordertomakewoodintopaperitneedstobebrokendownintofinestrands.Firstlybypowerfulmachineryandthenboiledwithstrongalkaliessuchascausticsoda,untilafinepulpofcellulosefibersisproduced.Itisfromthispulpthatthefinalproductismade,relyingonthebondingtogetherofthecelluloseintolayers.That,inaverysmallnutshell,istheessenceofpapermakingfromwood.However,therealityisrathermorecomplicated.Inordertogiveusourwhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladdbleachandothermaterialssuchaschinaclayandadditionalchemicals.

　　E）Afurtherproblemwithwoodisthatitcontainsamaterialthatisnotcellulose.Somethingcalledlignin.Thisisessentialforthetreesinceitholdsthecellulosefibrestogether,butifitisincorporatedintothemanufacturedpaperitpresentsarchivistswithaproblem.Lignineventuallybreaksdownandreleasesacidproductsintothepaper.Thiswillweakenthebondbetweenthecellulosefibersandthepaperwillbecomebrittleandlookratherbrownandcareworn.Wehaveallseenthisinoldnewspapersandcheappaperbackbooks.Ithasbeenestimatedthatmostpaperbackbookswillhavealifeofnotgreaterthanfiftyyears.Notwhatweneedforourarchives.

　　F）Sincethelignincanberemovedfromthepaperpulpduringmanufacture,theobviousquestionis"

whyisitleftinthepaper?

"

Theanswerliesinthefactthatligninmakesupaconsiderablepartofthetree.Byleavingthelignininthepulpapapermakercanincreasehispaperyieldfromatreetosome95%.Removingitmeansayieldofonly35%.Itisclearlyuneconomictoremovetheligninformanypaperandcardapplications.

　　G）Italsomeans,ofcourse,thatlignin-freepaperisgoingtobemoreexpensive,butthatisneverthelesswhatthearchivistmustlookforinhissupplies.Thereisnopointwhatsoeverincarefullyplacingourvaluableartifactsinpaperorcardthatisgoingtohastentheirdemise.Acidisparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials,causingthemtofadeandissomecasessimplyvanish!

　　H）So,howdowetellapieceofsuitablepaperorcardfromonethatisunsuitable?

Youcannotdoitbysimplylooking,andratherdisappointingly,youcannotalwaysrelyonthelabel."

Acid-free"

mightbetrueinasmuchasatestonthepapermayindicatethatitisaneutralmaterialatthistime.Butlignincantakeyearsbeforeitstartstheinevitableprocessofbreakingdown,andintherightconditionsitwillspeedupenormously.

　　I）Addedtothis,asIhaveindicatedearlier,papermayalsocontainothermaterialsaddedduringmanufacturesuchasbleach,chinaclay,chemicalwhitenersandsize.Thislookslikeableakpicture,anditwouldbebutforthefactthattherearesupplierswhowillguaranteethematerialthattheysell.Ifyouwanttobeabsolutelysurethatyouarestoringin,orprintingon,thecorrectmaterialthenthisisprobablytheonlyway.

　　J）Incidentally,acidscanmigratefrommaterialtomaterial.Liningoldshoeboxeswithgoodqualityacid-freepaperwilldolittletoguardthecontents.Theacidwillgetthereintheend.

　　PaperfromRag

　　K）Paperisalsocommonlymadefromcottonandragwaste.Thishastheadvantageofbeinglignin-free,butbecausethereismuchlesscottonandragthantrees,italsotendstobemuchmoreexpensivethanwoodpulppaper.Youwillstillneedtopurchasefromareliablesourcethough,sinceevenragpaperandcardcancontainundesirableadditives.

　　L）Areliablesourceforqualityragpapersisarecognizedartstockiest.Manywatercolorartistsinsistonusingonlyfinequalityragpaperandboard.

　　M）Themainlessontolearnfromthisinformationisthatyoucannotrelyonpurchasingarchivalmaterialsfromthehighstreet.Theonlysafesolutionistopurchasefromspecialistsuppliers.Itmaycostrathermore,butintheendyouwillknowthatyourimportantandvaluabledataandimageshavethebesthomepossible.

长篇阅读

（2）

HowtoMakeAttractiveandEffectivePowerPointPresentations

　　A）MicrosoftPowerPointhasdramaticallychangedthewayinwhichacademicandbusinesspresentationsaremade.ThisarticleoutlinesfewtipsonmakingmoreeffectiveandattractivePowerPointpresentations.

　　TheText

　　B）Keepthewordingclearandsimple.Useactive,visuallanguage.Cutunnecessarywords—agoodruleofthumbistocutparagraphsdowntosentences,sentencesintophrases,andphrasesintokeywords.Limitthenumberofwordsandlinesperslide.TrytheRuleofFive-fivewordsperline,fivelinesperslide.Iftoomuchtextappearsononeslide,usetheAutoFitfeaturetosplititbetweentwoslides.ClickwithintheplaceholdertodisplaytheAutoFitOptionsbutton（itssymbolistwohorizontallineswitharrowsaboveandbelow）,thenclickonthebuttonandchooseSplitTextbetweenTwoSlidesfromthesubmenu.

　　C）Fontsizefortitlesshouldbeatleast36to40,whilethetextbodyshouldnotbesmallerthan24.Useonlytwofontstylesperslide—oneforthetitleandtheotherforthetext.Choosetwofontsthatvisuallycontrastwitheachother.GaramondMediumCondensedandImpactaregoodfortitles,whileGaramondorTempusSanscanbeusedforthetextbody.

　　D）Embedthefontsinyourpresentation,ifyouarenotsurewhetherthefontsusedinthepresentationarepresentinthecomputerthatwillbeusedforthepresentation.Toembedthefonts:

（1）OntheFilemenu,clickSaveAs.

（2）Onthetoolbar,clickTools,clickSaveOptions,selecttheEmbedTrueTypeFontscheckbox,andthenselectEmbedcharactersinuseonly.

　　E）Usecolorssparingly;

twotothreeatmost.Youmayuseonecolorforallthetitlesandanotherforthetextbody.Beconsistentfromslidetoslide.Chooseafontcolorthatcontrastswellwiththebackground.

　　F）Capitalizingthefirstletterofeachwordisgoodforthetitleofslidesandsuggestsamoreformalsituationthanhavingjustthefirstletterofthefirstwordcapitalized.Inbulletpointlines,capitalizethefirstwordandnootherwordsunlesstheynormallyappearcapped.Upperandlowercaseletteringismorereadablethanallcapitalletters.Moreover,currentstylesindicatethatusingallcapitallettersmeansyouareshouting.Ifyouhavetextthatisinthewrongcase,selectthetext,andthenclickShift+F3untilitchangestothecasestylethatyoulike.ClickingShift+F3togglesthetextcasebetweenALLCAPS,lowercase,andInitialCapitalstyles.

　　G）Useboldoritalictypefaceforemphasis.Avoidunderlining,itcluttersupthepresentation.Don’tcenterbulletedlistsortext.Itisconfusingtoread.Leftalignunlessyouhaveagoodreasonnotto.Run“spellcheck”onyourshowwhenfinished.

　　TheBackground

　　H）Keepthebackgroundconsistent.Simple,lighttexturedbackgroundsworkwell.Complicatedtexturesmakethecontenthardtoread.Ifyouareplanningtousemanyclipsinyourslides,selectawhitebackground.Ifthevenueofyourpresentationisnotadequatelylight-proof,selectadark-coloredbackgroundanduseanylightcolorfortext.Minimizetheuseof“bellsandwhistles”suchassoundeffects,“flyingwords”andmultipletransitions.Don’tuseredinanyfontsorbackgrounds.Itisanemotionallyoverwhelmingcolorthatisdifficulttoseeandread.

　　TheClips

　　I）Animationsarebestusedsubtly;

toomuchflashandmotioncandistractandannoyviewers.DonotrelytooheavilyonthoseimagesthatwereoriginallyloadedonyourcomputerwiththerestofOffice.YoucaneasilyfindappropriateclipsonanytopicthroughGoogleImages.Whilesearchingforimages,donotuselongsearchphrasesasisusuallydonewhilesearchingtheweb-usespecificwords.

　　J）Whenimportingpictures,makesurethattheyaresmallerthantwomegabytesandareina.jpgformat.Largerfilescanslowdownyourshow.Keepgraphs,chartsanddiagramssimple,ifpossible.Usebargraphsandpiechartsinsteadoftablesofdata.Theaudiencecanthenimmediatelypickuptherelationships.

　　ThePresentation

　　K）Ifyouwantyourpresentationtodirectlyopenintheslideshowview,saveitasaslideshowfileusingthefollowingsteps.Openthepresentationyouwanttosaveasaslideshow.OntheFilemenu,clickSaveAs.IntheSaveastypelist,clickPowerPointShow.Yourslideshowfilewillbesavedwithapptfileextension.Whenyoudouble-clickonthisfile,itwillautomaticallystartyourpresentationinslideshowview.Whenyou’redone,PowerPointautomaticallyclosesandyoureturntothedesktop.Ifyouwanttoedittheslideshowfile,youcanalwaysopenitfromPowerPointbyclickingOpenontheFilemenu.

　　L）Lookattheaudience,notattheslides,wheneverpossible.Ifusingalaserpointer,don’t