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thaveguessedthathispants,madeonlyforroughwork,wouldbecomesopopularatalllevelsofsociety.Yes,thisisafact:
jeanshavebecomefashionableinoursociety.Furthermore,thesepantshavecometosymbolizechangesinsocialattitude.
Inthelastdecadeortwowehaveseenmovementstowardequalityaswellasdefianceofauthority.Jeans,nowwornbyeverybody,canbesaidtosymbolizethesechangesforthebetter.Inthepast,onlymenworejeans,andthesemenwereatthebottom—sociallyandeconomically.Jeanswerewornbytruckdrivers,farmandfactoryworkers.Today,jeansnolongerarelookeddownupon.Theyarewornbybothmenandwomen,bybothskilledandunskilledworkers,bybothemployeesandemployers.Thiscommonwayofdressingsymbolizesrespectforindividuality,nomatterwhatyouroccupationorsex.Inthefightagainstauthority,youngpeoplehavebeentheleaders.Soitisnaturalthatteenagerswoulddefyparentsandschooladministratorsovertherighttowearjeanstoclassandwin.Jeansarethetypicaldressofcivilrightsmarchers,fansatrockconcerts,“hippies”returningtonature,andseriouscollegestudents.
Becauseeveryonecanbecomfortableinthem,thebluejeansinventedfortheuseofworkersarenowacceptedalmostanywhere,anytime.ThisistruenotonlyintheUnitedStates,butinmanyothercountriesintheworld.Istronglyagreewiththefollowingstatement:
“Oldornew,glorifiedorplain,jeansarelikelytobearoundforalongtimetocome.Alreadytheyhavesucceededwherestatesmanshiphasfailed.Althoughunabletospeakthesamelanguage,theinhabitantsofthisembattledplanethaveatleastagreedtowearthesamepants.”
81.Jeans,originallydesignedbyLeviStrauss, .
A.havebecomeasymbolofthefashionableclass
B.havecometosymbolizechangesinsocialattitude
C.aresuitablewearforroughworkonly
D.arenolongersopopularastheyusedtobe
82.Whatisimpliedbutnotdirectlystatedinthepassageisthat .
A.youngpeoplehavebeentheleadersinthefightagainstauthority
B.today,jeansarenolongerlookeddownupon
C.jeansarethetypicaldressofcivilrightsmarchers
D.formerlystudentswerenotallowedtowearjeanstoclass
83.Theauthorisoftheopinionthat .
A.jeansarelikelytobeashort-livedfashion
B.jeansarepopularonlyintheUnitedStates
C.jeansarelikelytobepopularforalongtimetocome
D.jeansarenolongerfashionable
84.Thelasttwosentencesimplythat .
A.statesmenintheworldarelesscompetentthanjeans
B.theinhabitantsoftheworldshouldspeakthesamelanguage
C.statesmenhavefailedtoreachagreementonmanymajorissuesoftheworld
D.jeanswillhelpstatesmentoreachagreementonsomeworldissues
TextB
Studiesofchildren’sacquisitionoflanguagesuggestthatthefacultyoflanguageincludesaninbornknowledgeoftheformalprinciplesoflanguagestructure,aknowledgethatdependsongenericallydeterminedportionsof(usually)thatleftcerebral(大脑的)hemisphere.Althoughitiswellestablishedthatthelefthemisphereisspecializedforlanguage,onecannotsaythatlanguageis“located”inthisorthatpartofthehemisphere.Whatisknownisthatlanguagediscordersaretheresultsoflesions(损伤)inthelefthemisphere.Disordersoflanguageresultingfromdamagetothebrainarecalledaphasias(失语症).
Theanterior(前面的)portionofthe“languagearea”istermedBroca’sarea.Lesionsinthisareainterferewiththemotor(运动原)andarticulatoryaspectsoflanguage.Speechisslow,labored,grammaticallyincorrect,andtelegraphic;
inextremecases,itmaybeimpossibletocarryout.Writingislikewiseseverelyimpaired.Comprehensionofthespokenorwrittenword,however,maybeunimpairedornearlyso.(Itisinterestingtonotethatunderemotionalstress,apatientwithBroca’saphasiamaybetemporarilyfluent.)BecauseBroca’sareaisclosetothemotorcortex(脑皮层),iftheformerisdamaged,thelatterisoftendamagedsimultaneously.Hence,suchpatientsoftensufferformweaknessorparalysisoftherightsideofthebody.Similarlesionsintherighthemispherewillcausealeft-sidedweaknessofparalysisbutwillhavenoeffectonlanguage.
Damagetotheposterior(后面的)portionofthe“languagearea,”especiallytoWernick’sarea,resultsinalossofcomprehensionofthespokenwordandoftenofthewrittenword.Thepatient’snativelanguageisnowlikeaforeignlanguage.Inaddition,thepatient’sspeechisrapidandwell-articulated,butwithoutmeaning.Writingisdefective,andwordsthatareheardcannotberepeated,althoughhearingitselfiscompletelynormal.Similarlesionsintherighthemisphereusuallyhavenoeffectonlanguage.
Injuriestothe“languagearea”inchildrenresultinsevereaphasias,butthedevelopmentoflanguagemechanismintherighthemispherecanoftencompensateforthemtoanextraordinarydegree.Thispotentialfunctionoftherighthemisphereisprobablynormallysuppressedbythelefthemisphere.Inadults,aphasiasfromsimilarlesionsareoftenpermanent.
85.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith .
A.describingtheprocessoflanguageacquisition
B.explainingpotentialtreatmentoflanguagedefects
C.showingtheimportanceofthelefthemisphereofthebraintolanguagemechanisms
D.depictingvariousmeansofdiagnosinglanguagedefects
86.UnlikeapatientwithWernicke’saphasia,apatientwithBroca’saphasiacan .
A.comprehendwrittenbutnotspokenlanguage
B.hearandreadwithcomprehension
C.speakarticulatelyandalsocomprehendspokenlanguage
D.writeandspeakreadilyandcoherently
87.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttherighthemisphereofthebrainisaccurate?
A.Ithasthepotentialtoserveasa“languagearea”.
B.Itcontrolstheabilitytocomprehendbutnottheabilitytospeakalanguage
C.Ifitisdamaged,grossmotorcontroloftherightsideofthebodymaybeaffected.
D.ItistherightwhereWernick’sareaislocated.
88.Itcanbeinferredthataphasiasinadultsoftenresultinpermanentdamagebecause .
A.muchmemoryislost
B.adultshavemoretroublelearningaforeignlanguage
C.therighthemisphereisnolongerasadaptableasitoncewas.
D.braincellsinadultsareespeciallyvulnerabletoinfection
89.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorbaseshisdescriptionon .
A.clinicalstudiesofinstancesofdamagetothebrain
B.studiesoflanguagedevelopmentinchildrenwithoutbraindamage
C.microscopicexaminationofthebrainstructure
D.examplesoftheintegrationoftheleftandrighthemispheres
专四模拟试题附参考答案
(2)3
A
AnnaDouglaswas72yearsoldwhenshestartedwritinghernewspapercolumn.Shehadbeenthedirectorofaschoolandacampbeforesheretired,butsheneededtokeepbusy.Shewasevenwillingtoworkwithoutpay.Thatwasthereasonshefoundavolunteerjobwithanagency.Theagencythatshechosetoworkforwasabusinessthathelpedotherbusinessesfindjobsforoldpeople.Everydayshetalkedwithotherretiredpeoplelikeherself.Bytalking,sherecognizedtwothings.Oldpeoplehadabilitiesthatwerenotbeingused.Oldpeoplealsohadproblems—mostlyproblemswithcommunication.
Mrs.Douglasfoundanewpurposeforherself.Throughtheyears,fromtimetotimeshehadwrittenstoriesaboutpeoplefornationalmagazines.Nowtherewasanewsubject:
oldpeoplelikeherself.Shebegantowriteanewspapercolumncalled“SixtyPlus,”whichfocusedongettingold.Shewritesabouttheproblemsofoldpeople,especiallytheirproblemswithbeingmisunderstood.
AnnaDouglasusesherthinkingabilitytoseethetruthbehindaproblem.Sheunderstandsthereasonswhyproblemsbegin.Sheunderstandsoldpeopleandyoungpeople,too.Forexample,oneofherreaderssaidthathisgrandchildrenleftthehouseassoonashecametovisit.Mrs.Douglassuggestedsomewaysforhimtoincreaseunderstandingwithhisgrandchildren.Shetoldhimtolistentoyoungpeople'
smusicandtowatchthemostpopulartelevisionshows.
“It'
simportanttoknowsomethingaboutyourgrandchildren'
sworld,”saysMrs.Douglas.“Thatmeansquestioningandlistening—andlisteningisnotwhatoldstersdobest,”shecontinues,“Saygoodthingstothemandaboutthem.Nevercriticizeyourgrandchildrenoranyotheryoungsters,teenagers,oryoungadults.Nevertellthemthattheyarewrong.Don'
tgivethemyouropinion.Theyhavebeentaughtthattheyshouldhaverespectforoldpeople.Theoldshouldhaverespectfortheyoungaswell.”
81.AnnaDouglasunderstandstheproblemsofoldpeople .
A.becauseshelikestheirmusicB.becauseshehasgrandchildren
C.becauseshewatchestheirtelevisionprogramsD.becausesheisoldherself
82.AnnaDouglas'
newspapercolumn .
A.isabouthowto