学术论文写作Word格式文档下载.docx

学术论文写作Word格式文档下载.docx

《学术论文写作Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《学术论文写作Word格式文档下载.docx（21页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Muchoftherawmaterialintheresearchpapercomesnotfromtheheadoftheauthorbutfromsources

conclusion

bibliography参考资料

Themajordifferencebetweentheresearchpaperandtheordinaryessay

theargumentintheresearchpaperisbuiltmainlyonthesourcescollectedbyyouinyourresearch

Sources:

twokindsofspecificevidence

evidenceobtainedfromlibrary

evidenceobtainedfromempiricalresearchobservation,interview,questionnaire,etc.

indispensablecollectingsourcesbydoinglibraryandempiricalresearch

Essay对个人主观性观点的论证

ResearchPaper学术性图书馆研究、实证研究

Thepreliminarystepsofwritingaresearchpaper

（1）Choosingatopic

1）Identifyingageneralsubjectarea

confineitwithinthedisciplineofEnglishlanguageandliterature

2）Definingthetopic

significanceandinterest

availabilityofsources

manageability

3）Statingthetopic

Twowaysofstatingthetopic

①Questionanswertothequestion

②Hypothesisrevisehypothesis

Topicstatedasaquestion

helpyoudecideonaspecificperspective

findthegoalofyourresearch

choosefromaseriesofquestions

formulatethequestionthatstatesthetopic

Topicstatedashypothesis

empiricalresearch

hypothesisatentativeexplanationorargumentthatyouwilltestin

theresearch

doingempiricalresearch

findfactsandideas

testandrevisethehypothesis

（2）PreliminaryReading—GettingonOverview

getonoverviewofyourtopic

ageneralideaofwhatthebasicissuesandproblemsare

Textbooks

Standardencyclopedias

Specializedencyclopedias

Periodicals

Textbookstableofcontents目录

index索引

SelectedReading

Standardencyclopedias大百科全书

articles（词条）onalargenumberofsubjects

ashortlistofbooks/bibliography

recommendfurthersources

focusonparticularfields

anencyclopediaofeducation

Anencyclopediaofliteraryterms文学术语汇编

Periodicals—academic/scholarlymagazines/journals

Twomajorwaysofdoingresearch

Libraryresearch

Empiricalresearch

Doinglibraryresearch

1）Usingelectronic/on-linecatalogs

Electronicdatabaseswhichareavailablethroughcomputerterminals

inthelibraryandelsewhere

Getinformationabouttheholdingsofouruniversitylibrary

Getinformationabouttheholdingsofotherlibraries

TheNationalLibraryofChina/PekingUniversity

Libraryelectronicsystemsindividualized/varyconsiderably

Operateonthesimilarprinciple

Entries—almostalwaysorganizedbytheauthor,thetitle,andthesubject

Listedalphabetically

Instructionsforusinganelectroniccatalog

worksbyaparticularauthor—typeinthenameoftheauthorattheappropriateplace

aparticularwork—typeinthetitleattheappropriateplace

ageneralsubject—typeinthesubjectattheappropriateplace

2）Usingelectronicsources

中文数据库中国知网

外文数据库EBSCO数据库

GALE数据库

3）Choosingthemostusefulsources

Choosesourceswithobviousrelevancetoyourtopic

sourcesdirectlyrelatedtoyourresearch

Sourcespublishedrecently

checkthepublicationdateofeachsourcerelevanttoyourtopic

Sourcesthatareclassicandauthoritative

findoutclassicsandauthoritiesbypreliminaryreadingforageneraloverviewofyourtopic

Playaleadingordominantrole

Stayalivelongaftertheyarepublished

Sourceswithbibliographies

helpyougetmoreinformation

4）Examing（研读）thesources

Organizeyourreadingtime

listbooksandarticlesinorderofimportance

setupareadingschedule

finishreadingandnote-takingbeforeyousetdowntowritethefirst

draftofyourpaper

Readselectively

readtheprefaceandtheintroductiontogetanideaofthescopeandpurposeofthesource

scanthetableofcontentsandtheindexforspecificdiscussionsofthetopicchosenbyyou

Readresponsibly

respectthecontext

don’tliftstatementsoutofcontext

readsufficientpartandfamiliarizeyourselfwiththecontext

Readcritically

thinkindependently

decidehowreliabletheevidenceandargumentsare

ifitisworthciting,youshouldtakenote

5）Takingnotes

makeeachnoteclear,complete,andaccurate

threewaysoftakingnotesquoting

paraphrasing

summarizing

writetheresearchpaper/relychieflyonyournotes

taketimetowritedownalltheinformationyouwillneedlater

Quotingaccurately

alwaysproofreadyourversion

Usingquotationmarks

distinguishbetweenquotationandwordsofyourown

Notedowntheauthor,thetitle,publicationinformation（publisher,placeandtime）,pagenumber,etc.

Addyourcommentorquestion

Arrangenotesintoseveralcategoriesinaccordancewithyourtopic

Giveeachcategoryasubjectheading

Doingempiricalresearch

Threebasicwaysofempiricalresearch

Observation

Interview

Questionnaire

1）Observation

makeanobservationofacertainsubject

payparticularattentiontosetting

people

reaction

Setting—physicalenvironment

e.g.classroomarrangement

People—activities,movement,behavior,appearance,dressandspeech

Reaction—thefeelingsandthoughtsofyourown

Note-takingtakenotesinwords,phrases,orsentenceswhile

observing

drawdiagramsorsketches

writedownandstrikingspeech/quotationmarks

TakenotesinEnglish

TakenotesinChinese

rewritethenotesinEnglishafterfinishingtheobservation

Aftertheobservation

gooverandaddtothenotes

reflectuponandsummarizetheentireexperienceofobservation

Writingupnotes/focuson:

Whatisthemainimpression?

Whatisthemostrevealingofthefindings?

Isthereanypatterns?

Whatarethemostvividdetails?

2）Interview

planningtheinterview

writingupthenotes

Interview/Planning

whomtointerview

aprofileaboutaperson

interviewthatperson/thosepeople

revealinginformation-anecdotes,impressions,andcomments

aboutthatperson

anevent,aprocessoraphenomenon

interviewthosepeoplewhorepresentavarietyofperspectives

bepreparedwithanumberofquestions-closedquestionsandopen

questions

openquestionsofferrangeandflexibility

Interview:

以openquestions为主

askforthecooperationofthosetobeinterviewed

arrangeforatimewhichisconvenientforbothsides

bringyourtools

afirmbacknotebookhavetodotoomuchnotetaking

makeitlesssmoothandlessefficient

ataperecorder

MP3,etc

ataperecorderorMP3

recordallthequestionsandanswers/thespeakingtone

neednotnotedownthewords

abletoobservethebodylanguage（gesture,facialexpressions,

posture）andtheoverallphysicalappearance

askforpermission

Interview/Writingup

reviewyournotes

reflectupontheinterview

summarize

ifyourecordtheinterview,transcribetherecordassoonaspossible

inEnglish

3）Questionnaire

Atthebeginningofthequestionnaire

abrief,clearintroduction

statethepurposeofthequestionnaire

presentadviceonansweringthequestions

estimatetheamountoftimeneededtocompletequestionnaire

closedquestionsrequestspecificinformationanddirectanswers

openquestions

incorporateclosedquestionsandopenquestionsintoonequestionnaire

Questionnaire以closed为主

Interview以open为主

findanappropriatetimeandplacetodistributethequestionnaire

Summinguptheresults

responsestoclosedquestions

thetotalnumberofresponses

thenumberofeachchoicetoeachspecificquestionpercentage

responsestoopenquestions

summarizeaccordingtothemesorordercategories

Writingupthereport

Coverthefollowingpoints:

theprinciplethatyoubaseonwhenyoudesignthequestionnaire/howyoudesignthequestionnaire

subjects/whyyouchoosethem

showyouadministerthequestionnaire

summaryoftheresults

Thereportoftheresultofthequestionnaire

incorporatedintoyourpaper

Methodology/ResultandDiscussion

Empiricalresearch

takenotesorsummarizeintheformofareport

beincorporatedinthewritingofyourresearchpaper

（6）Choosingthewritinggoal

1）Arrangingthenotes

Apreliminarycategorizationofthenotes

takenoteswhiledoingresearch

giveeachnoteasubjectheading

arrangeyournotesandreportsintocategoriesaccordingtotheirsubjectheadings

2）Re-consideringthecategories

Re-considernotes,onecategoryatatime

Re-arrangethecategories

Thinkyourwayintotheorganizationofthepaper

3）Thinkingaboutthewritinggoal

Re-readyournotes（notes,libraryresearch/notesandreports,empiricalresearch）

Preparetodecideordiscoverwhereyourresearchwillleadthebasicresearchquestion

Relatedtoallofthecategoriesofyournotes

theanswertothequestion

Leadyoutothewritinggoalofyourpaper

（7）Makingtheoutline

havenotesandreportsorganizedbysubjectheadings