美国历史上黑人所扮演的角色文学学士Word下载.docx

美国历史上黑人所扮演的角色文学学士Word下载.docx

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美国黑人的解放运动是黑人斗争史的开端，民权运动期间达到顶峰。

整个斗争过程对美国历史的发展起到推动作用，更是使美国人权得到发展。

本文重点剖析了美国黑人的地位和民权运动产生的原因。

黑人在美国历史上扮演着非常重要的角色。

同时，应当重视多民族国家的文明发展，从而避免种族歧视对和平发展的遏制。

关键字：

黑人的角色；

美国历史；

种族歧视

TableofContents

Reference......................................................................................................................................11

Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................12

1.IntroductionandLiteratureReview

InAmericanhistory,blacksplayedanimportantrole.AmericanblackstriedtheirbesttofightagainstracialdiscriminationandnationaloppressionincessantlyfromthetimeofearlyslaverytillthepromulgationofEmancipationProclamation,bothinCivilWarandCivilRightsMovement.Americanblacksthirstedforextricatingthemselvesfromadifficultposition,throwingofftheyoke,obtainingfreedomandbeingapprovedbyhistorywithdignity.AreviewoftheroleplayedbytheAmericanblacksinthehistoryofAmericaraisescriticalquestionsabouttheconflictofAbolitionMovementinUnitedStatesduringtheCivilWarandCivilRightsMovementwhichstruggledagainstviolentrepression.Manyscholarssurveyedtheeconomic,politicalandculturalpositionofAmericanblacksin1960s.CarolineRoth（1972）usedthestatisticsaccordingtoBryantDowlaistoshowtheinjurybyracialconflictsduringtheCivilRightsMovement.ClayborneCarson（2009）recompiledandrearrangedtheautobiographyofMartinLutherKingwhichcompletelypresentsthegrowthofanationalleaderandhisexperienceasanaverageblack.JamesJackson（1959）laidouttheroadthatAmericanblacksfoughtfortheircivilrights.ThearticledescribedthediscriminationofblacksfromdifferentaspectsofAmericansocietyatthattime.Moreover,DengShusheng（1990）gaveadetailedanalyseonthehistoryofAmericanblacksandtheirstatusquo.However,littleworkhasbeendoneonthereasonsofCivilRightsMovementasforhowtocoordinatethemultinationalrelationship.ThisstudydiscussestheencounterandreasonsofAmericanblacksinAmericanhistory,andanalysestheirpolitical,economicandeducationalpositiontoexplaintheimportantroleplayedbyAmericanblacks.ThepersonswhomadecontributionstotheimprovementofAmericanblacksaregreatblacksinAmericanhistory.Thefirstpartofthispaperwilllayoutblackimmigiantsandcivilrightsmovement.ThesecondpartwilldiscussthepositionofAmericanblacks,thenpresentsthecontributionsandsomesuggestions.Thistopicandsuggestionsareofimportancetothecivilizeddevelopmentofaunitarymultinationalcountryandtothepeacefulandharmoniousdevelopmentofthewholeworld.

2.HistoryofAmericanBlacks

2.1BlackImmigrants

TheUnitedStatesisacountrycomposedofdifferentnationalitiesandimmigrants.AfricanscameintotheAmericanContinentasthraldom.Theyknewwheretheywerefrombutnotwheretheycamefromexactlybecausetheylosttheir“roots”intheirmohterlandandtheirfamilies.

2.1.1BlacksSlaves

Asopinionsvary,nounanimousconclusioncanbedrawnwhentheblackslavesfirstcametoAmerica.Somehistorianpointstotheyearof1607withoutanydirectevidence.ANetherlandishshipbrought20blackswhogenerallyregardedascontractedslavesin1619,butlittleevidencecanprovewhethertheywerereivedorbought.Thenumberofblackslavesarelessthanwhitecontractedslavesbytheendofseventeenthcentury.Virginiaistheplaceregardedasthebeginningofearlyslaverysystem,with15000slavesin1681butonly3000blackslaves.（ChengJingyu,2007:

71）Lawwaspassedtoensurethatthestatusofblackslaveswasconstantandsustainablein1611.Atthesametime,Blackslavesweretakentoothercolonies.VirginiacreatedaprecedentofslaveryinAmericanhistory.（ChengJingyu,2007:

192）

SlaveryintheUnitedStateswasaformofbondedlaborwhichexistedasalegalinstitutioninNorthAmericaformorethanacenturybeforethefoundingoftheUnitedStatesin1776.BlackslaveryderivedinAmericahasitsuniquefeature.Inmanycountries,slaverywasadmitedinhistorypoliticallyandmorallyforthousandsofyears.However,thepracticeoftradingblackslaveswasdiscusseddrasticallyfromthebeginninginAmerica.Somecolonieseventriedtopasslawstopreventslaverysystem.Thosewhoopposedtothepracticeorinstitutionofslaveryworriedthatslaveswouldconstituteathreattothesocialstabilityratherthanconsideringtheaffectionofslaves.

Withthedevelopmentofsouthernagriculture,lawswhichprohibitedthesalesofslavescouldn’tcontrolthesituation.Large-scalesmugglingofslaveswasrampantwhenexternalsourceofslaveswascutoff.Thissituatondidn’tsuspenduntil1860.

2.1.2LiberationMovementofBlackSlaves

AlthoughTheDeclarationofIndependencestatesthatallmenarebornequal,thewhiterulingclassdidn’tregardblacksasthus.Blackslosttheirpositionandprivilegeasman,andtheywereobviouslyexpectingtobeequalandrespectedandstrivedforthem.

However,anylegalactioncouldn’tprotecttheirrightsandtheyfacedallkindsoffrustrations,someblackswerecompelledtoresorttoviolenceinsuchsituations.Morethan250slaveoutbreakshadhappenedbeforetheCivilWar,allofwhichwereruthlesslypersecutedandsuppressed.（DengShusheng,1990:

49）Themovementofdemandingtheabolitionofslaverycameintoexistencesincethebeginningof1830s.Actually,duringthetimeofthecolonizationandIndependenceWar,FranklinandJeffersonhadcomeupwiththeideaofabolishingslavery.Somestatesinthenorthabolishedslaverysuccessivelyaftertheindependence.In1820s,theorganizationofabolishmentofslaverybegantoappearinAmerica.In1820,therewastheManumissionSocietyinNorthCarolina,whichisregardedastherecreationoftheSouth.Abolitionistsbuiltsomesecretsubwayswhichledtosomeroutesandaccommodationstationtoasistblackslavesintheirescapefromsouthtonorth.From1800to1850,therewere2000escapestotheNorthonaverageeachyear.（ChengJingyu,2007:

237）

TheCivilWarfrom1861to1865playedavitalroletodecidewhetherslaverysystembeabolishedornot.LincolndeclaredEmancipationProclamationonJanuary1st,1863.AmericanblacksextricatedthemselvesfromslaverypositionthroughtheCivilWar,about250,000blackstookpartintheconfederatearmytofightagainstslaveholders,and38000blackslosttheirlivesfortheLiberationWar.（DengShusheng,1990:

50）OnJanuary1st,1865,TheUnitedStatesCongresspassedAmendmentoftheslaveryabolishmenttopreventblacksandtheirdescendantsfrombecomingslavesagaininlaw.

2.2CivilRightsMovement

AftertheWorldWarⅡ,inthe50sand60softhe20thcentury,Americacameintoaperiodofmaximumdevelopment.Duringthisperiod,thecivilrightsmovementoftheblackswereconstantlydevelopingandgrowing.AmericancapitalismgreatlydevelopedaftertheCivilWar,sodidthesocialstructure.MoreandmoreoftheblackslefttheSouthandalargenumberofintellectualblackshadgrownintheNorthatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.ThentheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeoplewasfounded.TheCivilRightsmovementinAmericahadcomeintoaperiodofbeingwell-organized.

2.2.1TheReasonsofCivilRightsMovement

TherearemanyreasonswhyCivilRightsMovementhasvitaleffectsonthewholehistoryofBlacksstruggle.Thekeyfactorcontainsthreepoints.Firstofall,thebasicfactoriscontinualgrowthofthepopulationofblackcitizensalloverthemaincitiesofAmerica.LargenumberofblackpeoplelefttheSouthtofindchancestoworkinbigcitiesattheturnofthecentury.Asignificantnumberofsocialproblemsandemploymentpressureappearedconstantlybecauseoftherisingpopulation,whichresultedintheracialdiscriminationfromregionstothewholecountry.However,atthesametime,itisadvantageoustoblacksintheirprotestinregardtothegeographicalenvironments.Themigrationofblacksalsoprovidedanindispensableconditionforsocialmovement.In1940,thenumberofblackcitizensaccountfor36%oftotalnumberofblackpopulationinSouthernAmerica.Thenumberincreasedto58.4%in1960.ThesocialfoundationofCivilRightsMovementformedgraduallyduringthetimeofurbanization.Secondly,theappearanceanddevelopmentofalargecolonyofblacksbroughtafertilelandtostrengthenthesenseofidentityandcreategreatnationalleaders.Manycoloniesbecamethebasesofanti-segregationorganization.Finally,thedevelopmentofblackworkingclassbegantorecognizetheimportanceofhumanrights,whiletheirconsciousnessofequality,newthoughtsandprinciplesimprovedgradually.

ViceSecretaryofLaborofNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleHerbertHillwrites“Thegrowingpopulationofblacks,thefasturbanizationofblackpopulationandthedevelopmentofBlackColonyarethefundamentalpreconditionofCivilRightsMovement.”（HuJinshan,1998:

51）

AlloftheabovereasonslaidthefoundationsfortheCivilRightsMovementtolaunchanationwidecampaign.

2.2.2Anti-segregationMovement

Americanmonopoliedcapitalismruthlesslyexploitedblacklaborersthroughracialdiscrimination..Americanblackshadadequatereasonsforfreedomandequalityandprotestsagainstracialdiscriminationinthelasthundredyears.However,theirsituationofoppression,exploitationanddiscriminationneveressentiallychanged.InthetenyearsaftertheCivilWar,themovementaimedatequalityandfreedomwasrestrictedtothestruggleincourthouseof