美国历史上黑人所扮演的角色文学学士Word下载.docx
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美国黑人的解放运动是黑人斗争史的开端,民权运动期间达到顶峰。
整个斗争过程对美国历史的发展起到推动作用,更是使美国人权得到发展。
本文重点剖析了美国黑人的地位和民权运动产生的原因。
黑人在美国历史上扮演着非常重要的角色。
同时,应当重视多民族国家的文明发展,从而避免种族歧视对和平发展的遏制。
关键字:
黑人的角色;
美国历史;
种族歧视
TableofContents
Reference......................................................................................................................................11
Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................12
1.IntroductionandLiteratureReview
InAmericanhistory,blacksplayedanimportantrole.AmericanblackstriedtheirbesttofightagainstracialdiscriminationandnationaloppressionincessantlyfromthetimeofearlyslaverytillthepromulgationofEmancipationProclamation,bothinCivilWarandCivilRightsMovement.Americanblacksthirstedforextricatingthemselvesfromadifficultposition,throwingofftheyoke,obtainingfreedomandbeingapprovedbyhistorywithdignity.AreviewoftheroleplayedbytheAmericanblacksinthehistoryofAmericaraisescriticalquestionsabouttheconflictofAbolitionMovementinUnitedStatesduringtheCivilWarandCivilRightsMovementwhichstruggledagainstviolentrepression.Manyscholarssurveyedtheeconomic,politicalandculturalpositionofAmericanblacksin1960s.CarolineRoth(1972)usedthestatisticsaccordingtoBryantDowlaistoshowtheinjurybyracialconflictsduringtheCivilRightsMovement.ClayborneCarson(2009)recompiledandrearrangedtheautobiographyofMartinLutherKingwhichcompletelypresentsthegrowthofanationalleaderandhisexperienceasanaverageblack.JamesJackson(1959)laidouttheroadthatAmericanblacksfoughtfortheircivilrights.ThearticledescribedthediscriminationofblacksfromdifferentaspectsofAmericansocietyatthattime.Moreover,DengShusheng(1990)gaveadetailedanalyseonthehistoryofAmericanblacksandtheirstatusquo.However,littleworkhasbeendoneonthereasonsofCivilRightsMovementasforhowtocoordinatethemultinationalrelationship.ThisstudydiscussestheencounterandreasonsofAmericanblacksinAmericanhistory,andanalysestheirpolitical,economicandeducationalpositiontoexplaintheimportantroleplayedbyAmericanblacks.ThepersonswhomadecontributionstotheimprovementofAmericanblacksaregreatblacksinAmericanhistory.Thefirstpartofthispaperwilllayoutblackimmigiantsandcivilrightsmovement.ThesecondpartwilldiscussthepositionofAmericanblacks,thenpresentsthecontributionsandsomesuggestions.Thistopicandsuggestionsareofimportancetothecivilizeddevelopmentofaunitarymultinationalcountryandtothepeacefulandharmoniousdevelopmentofthewholeworld.
2.HistoryofAmericanBlacks
2.1BlackImmigrants
TheUnitedStatesisacountrycomposedofdifferentnationalitiesandimmigrants.AfricanscameintotheAmericanContinentasthraldom.Theyknewwheretheywerefrombutnotwheretheycamefromexactlybecausetheylosttheir“roots”intheirmohterlandandtheirfamilies.
2.1.1BlacksSlaves
Asopinionsvary,nounanimousconclusioncanbedrawnwhentheblackslavesfirstcametoAmerica.Somehistorianpointstotheyearof1607withoutanydirectevidence.ANetherlandishshipbrought20blackswhogenerallyregardedascontractedslavesin1619,butlittleevidencecanprovewhethertheywerereivedorbought.Thenumberofblackslavesarelessthanwhitecontractedslavesbytheendofseventeenthcentury.Virginiaistheplaceregardedasthebeginningofearlyslaverysystem,with15000slavesin1681butonly3000blackslaves.(ChengJingyu,2007:
71)Lawwaspassedtoensurethatthestatusofblackslaveswasconstantandsustainablein1611.Atthesametime,Blackslavesweretakentoothercolonies.VirginiacreatedaprecedentofslaveryinAmericanhistory.(ChengJingyu,2007:
192)
SlaveryintheUnitedStateswasaformofbondedlaborwhichexistedasalegalinstitutioninNorthAmericaformorethanacenturybeforethefoundingoftheUnitedStatesin1776.BlackslaveryderivedinAmericahasitsuniquefeature.Inmanycountries,slaverywasadmitedinhistorypoliticallyandmorallyforthousandsofyears.However,thepracticeoftradingblackslaveswasdiscusseddrasticallyfromthebeginninginAmerica.Somecolonieseventriedtopasslawstopreventslaverysystem.Thosewhoopposedtothepracticeorinstitutionofslaveryworriedthatslaveswouldconstituteathreattothesocialstabilityratherthanconsideringtheaffectionofslaves.
Withthedevelopmentofsouthernagriculture,lawswhichprohibitedthesalesofslavescouldn’tcontrolthesituation.Large-scalesmugglingofslaveswasrampantwhenexternalsourceofslaveswascutoff.Thissituatondidn’tsuspenduntil1860.
2.1.2LiberationMovementofBlackSlaves
AlthoughTheDeclarationofIndependencestatesthatallmenarebornequal,thewhiterulingclassdidn’tregardblacksasthus.Blackslosttheirpositionandprivilegeasman,andtheywereobviouslyexpectingtobeequalandrespectedandstrivedforthem.
However,anylegalactioncouldn’tprotecttheirrightsandtheyfacedallkindsoffrustrations,someblackswerecompelledtoresorttoviolenceinsuchsituations.Morethan250slaveoutbreakshadhappenedbeforetheCivilWar,allofwhichwereruthlesslypersecutedandsuppressed.(DengShusheng,1990:
49)Themovementofdemandingtheabolitionofslaverycameintoexistencesincethebeginningof1830s.Actually,duringthetimeofthecolonizationandIndependenceWar,FranklinandJeffersonhadcomeupwiththeideaofabolishingslavery.Somestatesinthenorthabolishedslaverysuccessivelyaftertheindependence.In1820s,theorganizationofabolishmentofslaverybegantoappearinAmerica.In1820,therewastheManumissionSocietyinNorthCarolina,whichisregardedastherecreationoftheSouth.Abolitionistsbuiltsomesecretsubwayswhichledtosomeroutesandaccommodationstationtoasistblackslavesintheirescapefromsouthtonorth.From1800to1850,therewere2000escapestotheNorthonaverageeachyear.(ChengJingyu,2007:
237)
TheCivilWarfrom1861to1865playedavitalroletodecidewhetherslaverysystembeabolishedornot.LincolndeclaredEmancipationProclamationonJanuary1st,1863.AmericanblacksextricatedthemselvesfromslaverypositionthroughtheCivilWar,about250,000blackstookpartintheconfederatearmytofightagainstslaveholders,and38000blackslosttheirlivesfortheLiberationWar.(DengShusheng,1990:
50)OnJanuary1st,1865,TheUnitedStatesCongresspassedAmendmentoftheslaveryabolishmenttopreventblacksandtheirdescendantsfrombecomingslavesagaininlaw.
2.2CivilRightsMovement
AftertheWorldWarⅡ,inthe50sand60softhe20thcentury,Americacameintoaperiodofmaximumdevelopment.Duringthisperiod,thecivilrightsmovementoftheblackswereconstantlydevelopingandgrowing.AmericancapitalismgreatlydevelopedaftertheCivilWar,sodidthesocialstructure.MoreandmoreoftheblackslefttheSouthandalargenumberofintellectualblackshadgrownintheNorthatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.ThentheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeoplewasfounded.TheCivilRightsmovementinAmericahadcomeintoaperiodofbeingwell-organized.
2.2.1TheReasonsofCivilRightsMovement
TherearemanyreasonswhyCivilRightsMovementhasvitaleffectsonthewholehistoryofBlacksstruggle.Thekeyfactorcontainsthreepoints.Firstofall,thebasicfactoriscontinualgrowthofthepopulationofblackcitizensalloverthemaincitiesofAmerica.LargenumberofblackpeoplelefttheSouthtofindchancestoworkinbigcitiesattheturnofthecentury.Asignificantnumberofsocialproblemsandemploymentpressureappearedconstantlybecauseoftherisingpopulation,whichresultedintheracialdiscriminationfromregionstothewholecountry.However,atthesametime,itisadvantageoustoblacksintheirprotestinregardtothegeographicalenvironments.Themigrationofblacksalsoprovidedanindispensableconditionforsocialmovement.In1940,thenumberofblackcitizensaccountfor36%oftotalnumberofblackpopulationinSouthernAmerica.Thenumberincreasedto58.4%in1960.ThesocialfoundationofCivilRightsMovementformedgraduallyduringthetimeofurbanization.Secondly,theappearanceanddevelopmentofalargecolonyofblacksbroughtafertilelandtostrengthenthesenseofidentityandcreategreatnationalleaders.Manycoloniesbecamethebasesofanti-segregationorganization.Finally,thedevelopmentofblackworkingclassbegantorecognizetheimportanceofhumanrights,whiletheirconsciousnessofequality,newthoughtsandprinciplesimprovedgradually.
ViceSecretaryofLaborofNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleHerbertHillwrites“Thegrowingpopulationofblacks,thefasturbanizationofblackpopulationandthedevelopmentofBlackColonyarethefundamentalpreconditionofCivilRightsMovement.”(HuJinshan,1998:
51)
AlloftheabovereasonslaidthefoundationsfortheCivilRightsMovementtolaunchanationwidecampaign.
2.2.2Anti-segregationMovement
Americanmonopoliedcapitalismruthlesslyexploitedblacklaborersthroughracialdiscrimination..Americanblackshadadequatereasonsforfreedomandequalityandprotestsagainstracialdiscriminationinthelasthundredyears.However,theirsituationofoppression,exploitationanddiscriminationneveressentiallychanged.InthetenyearsaftertheCivilWar,themovementaimedatequalityandfreedomwasrestrictedtothestruggleincourthouseof