空置厂房的孵化器Word格式.docx

空置厂房的孵化器Word格式.docx

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LarsScharnholz

Inrecentyears,thechange-of-useofvacantfactorybuildingshasemergedincreasinglyasanessentialelementofdiscussioninconstructionresearch.Currentlynumerousmulti-nationalresearchprojectsareindicatingnewdirectionsforthetreatmentofformerindustrialregionsandtheirarchitecturalriches.ThecountriesofCentralEuropeareparticularlywelcomeaspartnersinsuchresearchprojects.Inthosecountriesadrasticstructuralchangeinindustryisbecomingapparentthat,ononehand,specificallydemonstratesthenatureoftheproblem,andontheother,hintsatpotentialsolutions.

BecauseofthepoliticallyandeconomicallyisolatedsituationofthecountriesthatformerlymadeuptheEasternblock,agradualstructuralchangewithinthecontextofchangingmarketsdidnotoccurthere.Thusthesecountriescameunderespeciallystrongpressuretochangeatthebeginningofthe1990s.Thesubsequentongoingpoliticalandsocio-economicunificationeffortspromotedaprocessofeconomicrecovery,butalsoallowedforthemigrationofqualifiedworkers,thesellingofentireindustriestomulti-nationalconcernsandincreasingsocialandeconomicdisparities.Inaddition,theattractionofCentralEuropeanindustriallocationsandconsequentlytheirnewmarketopportunitieswerediminishedbythepressureforglobalization,thecollapseoftraditionalareasofproduction,andanincreasingtendencytorelocateproductionprocessestonon-Europeancountries.

West–East–Transfer?

ThereforetheeconomicsituationofCentralEurope’sindustrialregionsisnotasimpleone.Inplaceswhereafewdecadesagotheengineofindustrialwealthfuelledtheeconomywithcapitalandinnovations,todaythereareclearsignsofcontinuouseconomictensions.Thefundsforasustainablestructuralrenewaldonotexistbecausetheunexpectedpoliticalchangedidnotfreeanyeconomicreservesthatmighthavebeenbuiltoverpreviousdecades.Forsolvingtheseproblems,atransferofexperiencefromthewestwouldseemtomakesense.Afterall,remodelingofindustrialregionshasbeenpracticedthereforalongtime.However,thetaskofrapideconomicrehabilitationofentireregionsisnecessarilycomplexand,intheEuropeaneast,conditionalonmanyfactors.Aquickandthoroughgoingprocessofrecoveryishardlypossible.Althoughinsightsgainedfromthewestmaybringoneclosertosolutionsintheeast,asatisfactorysolutionrequiresinvestigatingbasicconditions,dealingwithproblemsandprobingexperienceonsite.1

1Scharnholz,LarsandAleksandraWiteczek,“RestrukturierungvonSiedlungsbestä

nden”,in:

Garten+Landschaft,9/2004,pp21-23.HundtTobiasandLarsScharnholz,„Ost-West-Transfer:

StadtumbauerfahrungenimgesamtdeutschenKontext“,in:

Nagler,Heinz,RiklefRambowandUlrikeSturm（ed.）,Derö

ffentlicheRauminZeitenderSchrumpfung,EditionStadtundRegion,Berlin:

LeueVerlag,2004,pp229–248.

AnIncubatorforVacantFactoryBuildings.L.Scharnholz/INIKe.V.I2

TheINIKResearchProject2

TheresearchprojectbytheGerman-PolishInstituteforNewIndustrialCulture,concludedinJuly2007,andthehandbook（German/Polish）resultingfromtheprojectisintendedtoofferinitialhelpandinspirationandtosuggestmethodsandastrategicsetofinstruments.3Thegoalwastoprovidecomplexanswerstoissuesofhistoryanddocumentationofbuildings,organizationandprojectmanagement,financialoptionsandfundingchannels,calculationmodelsandcharacteristicsoflocationaswellasinstitutionalcarrierandoperatormodels.

TheinitiallocationforourconsiderationswastheGerman-PolishregionofLusatia,ahistoricalcoalminingareaincludingadditionalcentersintextile,glass,constructionmaterialsandchemicalindustries.4Currently,aprocessoftransformationistakingplaceinthisregionthatischaracteristicfornumerousindustrialregionsofCentralEurope.OntheGermansideofthebordertheregioncomprisesthesoutheasternpartofBrandenburgandonthePolishsidethesouthernpartoftheprovinceofLubuskie.

Onthebasisofregionalplanningconsiderations,theapproachoftheresearchtakestheformofadirectconfrontationwiththebuildings.ThescopeoftheINIKconceptsrevealsthatthemainconcernisnotatallasimplematterofobtainingapowerfulinvestor.Rathertheeffortcentersonfindingnewsolutionsforuseandfinancingaswellasprojectdevelopmentandinstitutionalsupport.ConceptsofstrategicplanningarepresentedthathavebeendesignedonthebasisofspecificlocationsintheGerman-Polishborderregionandthatexaminetheunusedpotentialsofformerindustrialinstallations.

ThegoaloftheINIKresearchprojectwastoattemptbringingtogethertwopolesthatinpracticeareoftenopposedastwostrongcompetitors:

theconstructionbusinessandpreservationinterests;

thisintentisbasedontheobservationthattheantagonismbetweenthetwoisnotetchedinstone,asitisoftenthoughttobe.Anewapproachthatwilldojusticetoissuesofeconomyandpreservationalikemusttaketheplaceoftheoldcompetingarguments.

Thisnewapproachwillsucceedifthedecisionmakerslearntoweighargumentsofsensitivepreservationagainstthoseofeconomicfeasibility,ataskthatpointstothefuture.Therefore,theINIKprojectseeksprimarilytostrengthenthedecisionmakersoftomorrow:

students,youngurbanandregionalplannersaswellasarchitects,butalsoscholarsofculture,economy,preservationandsociology.Finally,besidestheuniversities,wewouldliketoaddressprivateownersofoldfactoriesandinstitutionsofpublicconcernsbecausetheyhaveanimmediateinfluenceonthewaywedealwithindustrialheritage.

2Scharnholz,Lars,„UmnutzungstillgelegterFabrikanlagen.Testfelddeutsch-polnischeGrenzregion“,in:

Museumsblä

tter,Potsdam,MuseumsverbanddesLandesBrandenburge.V.,Nr.9,2006,2006,pp14–17.3Otto,Markus,KarlPlastrotmannandLarsScharnholz,IndustriebaualsRessource,（Forst（Lausitz）,Institutfü

rNeueIndustriekulture.V.,2007.4Scharnholz,Lars,“German-PolishandotherBorderCities”,in:

InternationaleBauausstellung（IBA）,German-PolishandotherBorderCities–BordersasanOpportunity,ConferenceDocumentation,（Groß

rä

schen:

IBA）,2001,pp12–15.

AnIncubatorforVacantFactoryBuildings.L.Scharnholz/INIKe.V.I3

TheINIK-Method

Numerousvacantfactories,formercompany-housingprojectsandindustrialwastelandsintheGerman-Polishborderregionaresignsofdeep-rootedstructuraltransformation,whichinturnistiedtomigration,demographicshiftsandeconomicchange.Atthesametime,theseunusedbuildingsandlandsrepresentapotentialforfutureusenottobeunderestimatedandposequestionsofpotentialchange-of-useandremodelingstrategies.

WithintheEU-researchproject“NewIndustrialCulture:

Border-CrossingCooperationintheAreaofResearchandDevelopment,”theInstituteforNewIndustrialCulturealongwithusersandproprietorsoffactoriesandhousingprojects,wantedtorevealthepotentialofthesebuildingsandpresenttransferableconceptsfortheirchange-of-use.Duringtheyears2005to2007theInstituteforNewIndustrialCulturehasinvestigated30locationswithintheregiondelineatedbytheriversSpree,BoberandNeiß

eandinneighboringcitiesinGermanyandPoland.

Afundamentalinsightoftheresearchprojectbecameapparent:

fundingandeffortsfordevelopmentcanbesuccessfulonlyifthedevelopmentalabilityoflocationsisexaminedindetail.Anexactknowledgeoftheconditionsisrequiredinordertodecidewhethertheinitialideaforachange-of-useofanindustrialsitewouldbeanewuse,acontrolledpreservationoranextensiveintermediaryuse.Aprogramfordealingwiththeoldfabricofthebuildingcanbeprovidedonlyafterananalysisoftheoften-heterogeneousinterestsofallparticipantsintheproject,thedifferentfundingandfinancialchannels,andpossibleconceptsofoperatorsorinstitutions.Necessaryforananalysisarenotpurelyarchitecturaloreconomicstrategiesbutratherinterdisciplinaryapproaches,whichwillrelyequallyondesignandplanningandonsocialandculturalaswellasecologicandeconomicconsiderations.

Thefirstpartofourresearchprojecthelpedtodeterminethestrategicmethodsforthedevelopmentofvacantindustrialbuildings.Atfirstitisimportanttoexactlydefinetheconditionsofanobject（analysis）,thentheyshouldbeevaluated（evaluation）andfinallytheresultsshouldleadtoanewuse（strategy）.Therecommendedapproachreliesonextensiveexperiencegatheredindealingwitholdindustrialbuildingsandcompany-housingprojectsinpastyears,thatis,internationallysuccessfulexemplarymodelsshedlightontheeffectsofthemethodspresentedinpractice.

1.AnalysisPhase

Thisincludes,besidesthedescriptionoftheconditionofthebuildinganditshistory,thepreciseinvestigationofpotentialfinancingoptionsaswellasidentifyingthepeopleinvolvedincludingtheirprofile,motivationandinterests.

2.EvaluationPhase

Thesubsequentevaluationphaseshouldincludeadetailedandruthlessevaluationoftheconditions.Whatarethepossibilitiesofachange-of-usethatresultagainstthebackgroundoftheinitiallyinvestigatedvalues?

Theevaluationphasealsosetsthegoalforproceedingfurther.

3.StrategyPhase

Inthestrategicphaseindividualmeasuresfortherevitalizationofabuildingoranindustrialsitewillbeintroduced.Potentialriskswillbeassessedandstrategiesidentifiedthataretobeavoided.Different