现代汉语基础语法知识Basic grammar knowledge in modern ChineWord文档下载推荐.docx

现代汉语基础语法知识Basic grammar knowledge in modern ChineWord文档下载推荐.docx

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south"

North"

back"

andsoon.

Verb:

theact,act,development,orchangeofapersonorthing.

Someverbsmeangeneralactions,suchas:

come,go,say,walk,run,learn,takeoff,examine,understand,etc..

Someverbsexpresspsychologicalactivities,suchas"

think,payattentionto,respect,understand,believe,admireandmiss"

etc.thefrontofsuchverbscanoftenbeadded"

very,very,very."

"

Someverbsthatcanandarewillingtothemeaning,called"

verbs"

theyare"

ableto,should,Ken,dare,（DEI）,canandshouldbe,shouldbewillingto,can,may,must,theseverbsareoftenusedinfrontofgeneralverbs,suchas"

tobeabletodo,canbeconsidered,willingtolearn,shouldsay,maydevelop"

Someverbsindicatethetrend,called"

directionalverb"

come"

and"

go,upanddown,inandout,upanddown,upanddown,overthepast,andtheyareoftenusedingeneralverbsthattrend,suchas"

jumpup,down,up,ran"

Yes"

yes"

arealsoverbs,thesameasverbs.

Adjectivesdescribetheshape,style,nature,etcofathing,suchas"

many,little,tall,fat,stiff,extravagant,timid,ugly."

Numeral:

numeralisthewordthatexpressesthenumberofthings.Suchas"

oneortwo,twoorthree,seven,ten,100,thousand,tenmillion,half"

half"

Quantifier:

aquantifierisawordthatexpressesathingoranactionunit.Chinesequantifiersaredividedintonominalquantifiersandmomentumwords.

Nounquantifiersrepresentthequantityofthings,andcanbedividedintounitquantifiersandmetricquantifiers.

Aunitofmeasureindicatingthings,suchas"

a"

Zhang"

Zhi"

Ben"

platform"

shelf"

car"

Star"

tree"

head"

inter"

handle"

fan"

etc.;

Metricquantifiersmeasurethings,suchasinches,feet,feet,pounds,two,tons,liters,buckets,gallons,volts,ohms,cubicmeters"

Thenumberofactionsexpressedbyaverb,suchasthe"

second"

and"

field"

usedinfrontandbackofverbs"

Adverbs:

adverbsarealwaysusedbeforeverbsandadjectives,suchas"

very,very,very,very,very,very,very,very,very,very,veryquickly,immediately,unexpectedly,once,unexpectedly,anew,constantly,"

etc..Adverbsareusuallyusedinfrontofverbsandadjectives.Suchas"

come,goimmediately,verywell,startagain"

only"

very"

extreme"

canbeusedinverbs,adjectives,suchascomplement,suchas"

happy,veryfondof."

Preposition:

aprepositionisalwayscombinedwithotherwordstoformaprepositionalphrase,whichisusedasanattribute,anadverbialmodifierandancomplement.Suchas"

from"

towards"

for"

Conjunctions:

conjunctionscanlinkwords,phrases,sentences,andevenparagraphs.Suchas"

harmony"

or"

or"

or"

"

Connectivescanberegardedasconjunctions,suchas"

because"

......So,notonly......And,though......But"

Auxiliarywordsattachedtowords,phrases,orsentences.Auxiliarywordscanbedividedintothreecategories.

Akindofstructuralauxiliarywords,theyare"

"

like"

;

Onekindisdynamicauxiliaryword,theyare"

go"

pass"

Oneisthemodalparticles,suchas"

ah,"

ah"

wow"

and"

?

Interjection:

thatsigh,calling,answeringawordcalledinterjection.Suchas:

Hello,yo,hi,hum,oh,ohdear"

.Interjectionisalwaysaseparatesentence.

Onomatopoeia:

thewordthatsimulatessounds.Suchas"

wow"

woof"

bang"

giggle"

ShaShaSha"

Hula"

（two）phrases

Wordsandwordscanformphrasesaccordingtocertainrules.Phrasesaregrammaticalunitsthatarelargerthanwordsandsmallerthansentences.TherearemanykindsofphrasesinChinese,andthemostbasiconesarethefollowingseven.

Jointphrase:

aphraseconsistingofwordsofequalrankiscalledacombiningphrase.

Suchas"

Chinesecabbageandcelery"

bananas,orangesandoranges"

investigation,research,"

toacceptandhear"

magnificent,"

whiteandfat."

Slantphrase:

apartofastraightphraseisacentralword.Thereisalwaysamodifierinfrontofit.

Suchasthe"

bigcity,smallvillages,excellentresults,theelectroniccomputer"

（thisisaphraseinnouncentered）;

slow,hardwork,carefulanalysis,particularlylarge,thebest"

（thisistheverbandadjectiveasthecenterofthephrase）.

Complementphrase:

Thisisthecomplementbehindphrasessuchas"

sitdown,fall,getup,beplacedhere,bravelysaid"

Verbobjectphrase:

Thisisthephrasewiththeobjectatthebackoftheverb.Suchas"

buyfood,writenovels,watchTV,gorelatives,runmaterials,repaircars,buymedicines."

Subjectpredicatephrase:

theobjectinfrontofthespeaker,thephraseformedafterthespeaker,iscalled"

subjectpredicatephrase"

asifasentence,butthereisnosentencetone,andthereforenosentenceindependence.Suchaslights,telephone,schoolopening,magnificentmountainsandrivers,springrain,riversPentium,themotherlandstrongandprosperous"

Prepositionalphrase:

aprepositionalphraseinwhichtheotherwords（majornounsornounphrases）areformedintheback.Suchas:

inChina,tothem,toXinjiang,fromthisyear,abouthim,towardseveryone,towardsBeijing,inthisway,forthemasses,thantheinterestsofindividuals"

Awordphrase:

using"

inthelastphrase,equivalenttoanoun.

teaching,driving,walking,advanced,handflowers,thenameoftheheadwithabow"

（three）sentenceelements

Therearesixconstituentsinasentence:

subject,predicate,object,complement,attribute,adverbial.

Subjectandpredicate:

subjectistheobjecttobestatedinasentence,andpredicateisusedtoindicatethesubject.

Ingeneral,thesubjectisinfrontandthepredicateisbehind.

（1）"

wearescattered.（partbyhorse）

（2）treeiscoveredwithyellowflowers,"

isnotoutstanding.（LitchiHoney）

（3）Ican'

tforget"

ishisback.（back）

（4）useofphonologicalknowledgetoagriculturalproduction,andhasdevelopedintoascience.（languageofnature）

（5）themagnificentcolonnade,elegantcolors,aswellasmanylevelsaroundthefacadeofthebuilding,"

composedofastatelydrawing.（GrandHallofthepeople）

Thatthesubjectis"

everyone"

treeiscoveredwithyellowflowers."

Ican'

tforget"

theuseofphonologicalknowledgetostudyagriculturalproduction"

and"

themagnificentcolonnade,elegantcolors,aswellasmanylevelsaroundthefacadeofthebuilding,theonepredicateis"

scattered"

notoutstanding"

ishis"

shadow"

hasdevelopedintoascience"

composedofastatelydrawing"

Itisalsopossibletothinkofthecentralwordassubjectandpredicate.Suchas:

（6）acrudebedofDazhu"

withathickstraw.（"

Yilupear"

）

（7）"

infactthismicrofilmtechnologyasearlyasnineteenthCentury,whenheusedtheFrancoPrussianwar.（fromOracletomicrofilmLibrary）

Itcanbearguedthatthe"

bamboobed"

techniqueisthesubject,andthat"

laying"

using"

arethepredicates.

Objectandcomplement:

theobjectisoftentheobjectoftheaction,andalwaysatthebackoftheverb.Complementisthecomplementofaverbadjective.Suchas:

（1）thereisamanonthebridgefoot,butitismymother.（LuXun"

drama"

（2）whatIcan'

tforgetishisback.（back）

（3）Shawcaptainsaid:

advancedtobringbackward."

.（partbyhorse）

（4）:

Leninthoughtthattheproletariatinthecapitalistcountriestosupportthecolonialandsemicolonialpeople'

sstruggleforliberationofthecolonialandsemicolonialproletarianshouldupholdtheproletariatinthecapitalistcountriesoftheliberationstruggle,thevictoryoftheworldrevolutionto.（inmemoryofBethune）

Undertheword,alltheobjectsarewired.Anotherobjectiscalled"

doubleobject"

forexample:

（5）peoplecallittheImperialPalacenow.（theImperialPalaceMuseum）

（6）Igaveherabook.

It"

she"

isthenearobject（indirectobject）,"

theImperialPalace"

abook"

isthe"

distantobject"

（directobject）.

（7）it'

sfunnytosay,whenIwasachild,Ioncewentbacktothetreetopinchthecrabappleflowers.Ididn'

twanttocallabeestung.（LitchiHoney）

（8）I'

mwanderingaloneinthefield.（"

digshepherd'

spurse"

（9）theConghualitchitreeslikeagreensea<

>

thefloweringseason,fullofwildbeesbuzzing,toobusytoforget"

soonerorlater"

sometimesevenunderthemoonlightflowerhoney.（LitchiHoney）

（10）Iwasreallycleveratthattime.（back）

（11）peopleolderthanmetendtodothat.I'

vemet[severaltimes].（"

fromBaicaogardentoSanwei"

Allthecomplementsinthebracketsarecomplementverbs,adjectivesandadjectives.

Attributiveandadverbial:

attributiveisthemodifierofnounphrase,andadverbialisthemodifierofverbalandadjectivewords.

（1）whenIsawthebackofhim,myte