《美国文学史及选读》考试题型及复习要点Word文件下载.docx
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6）Commerceasdegrading/paylessattentiontothematerialworld
The“over-soul”ascalledbyEmersonwasanall-pervadingunitaryspiritualpowerofgoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent,fromwhichallthingscameandofwhicheveryonewasapart.Generally,theover-soulreferredtospiritofGodasthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.
Emerson’sNatureiscalled‘manifestooftranscendentalism’.
TheAmericanScholar（1837）isregardedas“America’sSecondDeclarationofIndependence/DeclarationofIntellectual（Cultural）Independence”
Befamiliarwiththeessay‘Self-reliance’.
拉尔夫瓦尔多爱默生
知道一些关于超验主义。
记得爱默生作为这一哲学的领袖：
超验主义指的是一种态度，相信人的直觉认识真理的能力的识别，或实现知识超越感官。
主要概念
1）直觉的力量。
2）¡
精神第一，物质二。
3）自然象征精神或上帝。
4）个体在社会/自立的最重要的元素
5）宗教作为一种情感交流个人灵魂和宇宙的“超灵”
6）商务¡
降级/较少关注物质世界
“结束”艾默生称作是一种无孔不入的整体精神力量的善良的灵魂，无所不在，无所不能，这一切来的都是一部分。
一般来说，过度的灵魂提到上帝的灵魂是宇宙中最重要的东西。
爱默生的自然是被称为“超验主义”宣言。
美国学者（1837）被誉为“美国的第二次申报知识/独立宣言（文化）独立”
熟悉文章“自力更生”。
HenryDavidThoreau
⏹RememberThoreau’masterpiece.
⏹TellthemaincontentsofWaldeninyourownwords.
⏹亨利戴维梭罗
⏹记得梭罗的杰作。
⏹告诉瓦尔登湖的主要内容用自己的话。
NathanielHawthorne
⏹IntroduceTheScarletLetterinyourownwords.
⏹TheinfluenceofPuritanismonTheScarletLetter.
⏹Analyzethemaincharacters.
⏹Tellthesymbolicmeaningsoftheletter‘A’.
⏹ListHawthorne’smajorworks.
⏹纳撒尼尔霍桑
⏹介绍红字用你自己的话。
⏹清教对红字的影响。
⏹分析主要人物。
⏹告诉字母A的象征意义”。
⏹霍桑主要作品列表。
HermanMelville
⏹BeabletolistMelville’smajorworks.
⏹BeabletoretellthestoryofMobyDickinyourownwords.
⏹BeabletoanalyzethecharacterCaptainAhab.
⏹BeabletotellthesymbolicmeaningsofMobyDick,theshipPequodandthecoffin:
theWhiteWhalecanbereadasanallegoricalrepresentationofanunknowableGodorthemysteriousforceofnature;
thePequodisasymbolofdoom/death;
Queequeg'
scoffinalternatelysymbolizeslifeanddeath.
⏹TheinfluenceofPuritanismonMobyDick.
⏹赫尔曼梅尔维尔
⏹可以列出Melville的主要作品。
⏹能用自己的话复述MobyDick的故事。
⏹能够分析人物Ahab船长。
⏹能够告诉MobyDick的象征意义，船」和棺材：
白鲸可以解读为一个不可知的上帝或大自然的神秘力量的一种象征；
」是厄运和死亡的象征；
Queequeg的灵柩交替象征着生命和死亡。
⏹清教思想对MobyDick的影响。
WaltWhitman
•RememberWhitman’smostimportantwork.
•Whatisfreeverse?
Akindofpoetrythatdoesnotconformtoanyregularmetre:
thelengthofitslinesisirregular,asisitsuseofrhyme—ifany.Insteadofregularmetricalpatternitusesmoreflexiblecadencesorrhythmicgroupings,sometimessupportedbyanaphoraandotherdevicesofrepetition.NowthemostwidelypracticedverseforminEnglish,ithasprecedentsintranslationsofthebiblicalPsalmsandinsomepoemsofBlakeandGoethe,butestablisheditselfonlyinthelate19thandearly20thcenturieswithWaltWhitman.
•BefamiliarwiththepoemOCaptain,MyCaptainandknowitsmainidea.
•沃尔特怀特曼
••记住怀特曼最重要的工作。
•自由诗是什么？
一种不符合任何格律的诗：
它的线条长度不规则，如用韵。
而不是常规的格律采用更灵活的节奏或韵律的分组，以照应和重复其他设备有时支持。
现在是英语中使用最广的诗歌形式，它在圣经圣歌和布莱克和歌德的一些诗歌中有先例，但只有在第十九世纪末和第二十世纪，沃尔特·
惠特曼才建立起自己。
•熟悉船长的诗，我的船长，知道它的主要思想。
EmilyDickinson
vBefamiliarwithherthreepoemsinthetextbookandtheirthemes.
vKnowsomethingaboutDickinson’spoeticfeatures:
A.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencethefirstlineofeachpoemisalwaysquotedasthetitleofeachpoem.
vB:
particularstresspattern:
dash“—”
vC:
Capitallettersasameansofemphasis;
vD:
Language:
brief,direct,andplain;
vE:
Poem:
short,alwaysonoriginalimagesorsymbols
vF:
Conventionalmeters,iambictetrameter,off-rhymes.
vG:
Shortpoeticlines,condensedbyusingintensemetaphorsandbyextensiveuseofellipsis.
v狄金森
v熟悉她的三在教科书和他们的诗的主题。
v知道狄金森的诗性特征的东西：
她的诗没有标题，因此每一首诗的第一行总是引用作为每首诗的题目。
vB：
特殊应力模式：
短跑“-”
vC：
大写表示强调；
vD：
语言：
简单、直接、朴素的；
vE：
诗：
短，总是对原始图像或符号
vF：
常规米，四音步抑扬格，无韵。
vG：
短的诗句，用强烈的隐喻和省略大量使用浓缩。
MarkTwain
⏹WhatwasMarkTwain’struename?
SamuelLanghorneClemensWhatdoeshispennamemean?
⏹WhatbookofhisisthoughttobethebestoneaboutwhichHemingwaysaid“AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwain?
⏹Whatishisfirstrealnovel?
Whatisitssequel?
⏹Namethreeofhisotherworks.
⏹Retelltheshortstory‘TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty.
⏹WhatdoyouknowaboutMarkTwain’sStyle?
•VernacularLanguage:
MarkTwainwroteinhisunpretentious,colloquial,andpoeticstyle.Heusedvernacularlanguage.ThedirectnessofthelanguageisaveryinfluentialpointinTwain’sstyle.
•LocalColor:
Twaindepictedsociallifethroughdescriptionsoflocalplacesandpeopleheknewbestandbelievedthat“themostvaluablecapital,orculture,oreducationusableinthebuildingofnovelsispersonalexperience.”
•Cracker-barrelPhilosopher:
Twainadoptedthemoralstanceofacracker-barrelphilosopher.Thistermisoftenusedtomeansomeonewhounderstandsfolkwisdom,hasaprettygoodcommonsenseofviewoflife,andisprettyrealisticaboutsocialproblems.Twainwasthatkindofaperson.
StephenCrane
⏹ThedefinitionofAmericanNaturalism.
⏹RememberStephenCrane’simportantworks.
⏹BefamiliarwithTheOpenBoatandknowthethemesoftheshortstory.
F.ScottFitzgerald
•RememberFitzgeraldasthespokesmanoftheJazzAgeandhismajorworks.
•BeabletointroduceTheGreatGatsbyandmakecommentsaboutGatsby.
WilliamFaulkner
•RemembersomeofFaulkner’sfamousworks.
•Knowsomethingabouthiswritingfeatures:
a.complexplot
• b.streamofconsciousness
• c.characterization:
hewasabletoprobeintothepsychologyofcharacters
• d.violationofchronology
• e.courtroomrhetoric:
formallanguage
• f.multiplepointsofview,circularform
•Befamiliarwith‘BarnBurning’andknowtheconflictinit.
ErnestHemingway
•RememberhimasthespokesmanoftheLostGeneration.
•MemorizeHemingway’smajorworks.
•KnowthethemeoftheshortstoryAClean,Well-LightedPlace:
ThethemeofNada/nothingnessisthekeynoteofthewholestory.Nadameanshopelessness,aimlessnessandmeaninglessnessoflife.NearlyallthecharactersliveinNada.Facedwith“nothing"
inthemodernsocietynowandthen,manshouldseeklightandordertoestablishdignityinlife.
•Hemingway’sIcebergprinciple:
Hissentencesonlygiveonesmallbitofthemeaning.Therestisimplied.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.Certainly,therearemomentswhenthereaderfeelsthesuggestionofvastmeaningbeneathHemingway'
sfew,sparewords.
•Hemingway’sCodeHero:
•The“HemingwayCode”ofmanhooddoesnotinvolvemerephysicalstrength,sexualpotency,orabilitytoaccumulate（orspend）wealth.
•Accordingtothiscode,amanisdefinedbywill,pride,andendurance:
theendurancetoacceptpain,evenloss-whenthelosscannotbeavoided;
theprideofknowingthatonehasdoneone’sbest,withthecouragetoacttrulyaccordingtoone'
sownnature;
andthewilltofacedefeatorvictorywithoutwhiningononehandorboastingontheother.
EzraPound
•RememberEzraPound’smostimportantworkTheCantos.
•BefamiliarwithInaStationoftheMetroandknowtheimagesinit.
•RememberthethreeImagistpoeticprinciples:
directtreatmentofthe“thing”（nofuss,frill,orornament）,exclusionofsuperfluouswords（precisionandeconomyofexpression）,therhythmofthemusicalphraseratherthanthesequenceofametronome（freeverseformandmusic）
WallaceStephens
Befamiliarwithhispoem‘AnecdoteoftheJar’.
Rememberthesymbolicmeaningofthejar.
WilliamCarlosWilliams
Befamiliarwithhispoem‘TheRedWheelbarrow’.
Imagesin‘TheRedWheelbarrow’.
RobertFrost
●HisfourcollectionsofpoemsthatwonPulitzerPrizes.
●Befamiliarwiththethreepoemsofhisinthetextbook.
●Symbolicmeaningof‘road’.
●ThemeinStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening.
LangstonHughes
Befamiliarwithhispoem‘MeandtheMule’.
Imagesin‘MeandtheMule’
EugeneGladstoneO’Neill
vRememberO’Neillasthefather/founderofmodernAmericantheatre.
vRememberthefourplayswhichwonhimPulitzerPrizes:
BeyondtheHorizon,AnnaChristie,StrangeInterlude,LongDay’sJourneyintoNight.
vIntroducetheplayDesireUndertheElmsandanalyzethetragicelementsinit.
⏹ThemesofDesireUndertheElms.
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