哈尔滨工业大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题Word格式.docx
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Onlyone-fifthoftheremainingforestsarestill“frontierforests,”definedasrelativelyundisturbednaturalforestslargeenoughtosupportalloftheirnativespecies.Frontierforestsofferanumberofbenefits:
Theygenerateandmaintainbiodiversity,protectwatersheds,preventfloodingandsoilerosion,andstabilizeclimate.
Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasforestlanddon’tqualifyas“frontier”becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging.“There’ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft,”saysresearchassociateDirkBryant,theprincipalauthorofthereportthataccompaniesthenewmap.
Inthereport,Bryant,DanielNielsen,andLauraTangleydividetheworldintofourgroups:
76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierforest;
11nationsthatare“ontheedge”;
28countrieswith“notmuchtime”;
andonlyeight----includingCanada,Russia,andBrazil-----thatstillhavea“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:
Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:
Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“only1percentoftheforestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifiestoday.”
Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.“Ourresultssuggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbylogging,”saysBryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopentheforesttohunting,mining,firewoodgathering,andlandclearingforfarms.
Whatcanprotectfrontierforests?
Theresearchersrecommendcombiningpreservationwithsustainablelandusepracticessuchastourismandselectivetimberextraction.“It’spossibletorestorefrontiers,”saysBryant,“butthecostandtimerequiredtodosowouldsuggestthatthesmartapproachistohusbandtheremainingfrontierforestbeforeit’sgone.”
1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.ThepresentsituationoffrontierforestonEarth.
B.Thehistoryofecology.
C.Theforestmapinthepast.
D.Beautifulforestsindifferentpartsoftheworld.
2.Theword“unveiled”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto
_.
A.evaluated
B.decorated
C.designed
D.madepublic
3.Frontierforestshavewhichofthefollowingbenefits?
A.Theykeepclimatestable.
B.Theyenhancetimberindustry.
C.Theyprovidepeoplewithuniquescenery.
D.Theyareofvarioustypes.
4.Thephrase“ontheedge”inParagraph5probablymeans________.
Asurroundedbyfrontierforest
Bnearfrontierforest
Cabouttolosetheirfrontierforest
Dunderpressure
5.Accordingtothepassage,roadscreatedbytimber-cuttingmakeitpossibleforpeopleto________.
Atraveltootherplacesthroughtheshort–cut
Bexploitmoreforestland
Cfinddirectionseasily
Dprotectformerforests
Passage2
Questions6----10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.(2005年9月PETS3真题)
Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:
theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrivedthecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelipopenedandremoved;
thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;
thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries:
itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.
Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputourbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?
Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.
Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpit,andrecycleitasegg-boxes?
Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?
Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging-----20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday-----butverylittleissalvaged.
Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaper,andthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;
andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.
Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!
Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersomorepeoplewillbuythem,isclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.
6.Thesentence“Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries”meansthat________.
Anotenoughwrappingisusedforluxuries
Bmorewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproducts
Citisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisused
Dthewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessary
7.Thelocalauthoritiesare_________.
AtheTownCouncil
Bthepolice
Cthepapermanufacturers
Dthemostinfluentialcitizens
8Ifpaperistoberecycled,________.
Amoreforestswillhavetobeplanted
Btheuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestricted
Cpeoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbish
Dthelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper
9.Britishdairiesare________.
Aproducingenoughplastictubingtogoroundtheworldinlessthanaweek
Bgivinguptheuseofglassbottles
Cincreasingtheproductionofplasticbottles
Dreusingtheiroldglassbottles
10.Theenvironmentaliststhinkthat________.
Amoreplasticpackagingshouldbeused
Bplasticisthemostconvenientformofpackaging
Ctoomuchplasticiswasted
Dshopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainers
Passage3
Questions11-----18arebasedonthefollowingpassage.(找到了出处)
Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:
washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets,Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do,acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.
Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironment,andstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.
Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby“landvalue”.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:
itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.“Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse”becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatenoreofit.
Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevel