英语概况Word下载.docx

英语概况Word下载.docx

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2、RomanInvasion（theRomancontribution）

3、theHadrian’sWall

4、theAnglo-Saxons（itscontribution）

5、theHeptarchy

6、theWitanandthePrivyCouncil

7、theVikingandDanishinvasions（“AlfredtheGreat”）

8、theNormanConquest（theBattleofHastings,consequencesoftheNormanConquest）

教学难点：

所省略的历史事件的衔接、罗马征服影响的局限性

对所省略的历史事件进行简要介绍；

从征服者与被征服者融合角度分析

课堂讨论：

结合中国历史讨论theHadrian’sWall,theHeptarchy,theWitan,AlfredtheGreat

考核目标：

1、theearliestsettlersinBritain

2、theStonehenge

3、RomaninfluenceonBritainanditslimitations

4、basisofmodernEnglishrace:

theAnglo-Saxons

5、Heptarchy;

Offa’sDyke;

theWitan;

thePrivyCouncil

6、KingAlfredandhiscontributions

7、theNormanConquestanditsconsequences

阅读参考：

1、来安芳.《英美概况》，第一章

2、吴斐.《英国社会与文化》，第一章（1、2）

I.EarlySettlers（5000BC—55BC）

1.TheIberians伊比利亚人

（1）Whowerethefirstknownsettlers（inhabitants）ofBritain?

TheIberians

（2）WhendidtheycometoBritain?

At3000BCduringtheNewStoneAge

（3）HowdoyouknowthattheIberianswerethefirstknownsettlerstoBritain?

A.Theproofisthelongbarrows（古墓冢）found,whichweretheircommunalburialmounds（公墓）

B.theStonehenge（圆形巨石群、阵）:

a.Itisacirculargroupoflargestandingstonesconstructedbefore2000BC.

b.ItisregardedasoneofthemostimportantmonumentsofitskindinEurope.

c.Exactlywhyitwasbuiltisunknownbutitmusthavehadreligiousandpoliticalsignificance.

（TherearemanydifferentideasaboutthepurposeofStonehenge:

itmayhavebeenacenterofsunworship,andwasperhapsanobservatory）

d.SomethinktheStonehengeisassociatedwiththeCelts.

2.TheBeakerFolk宽口陶器人（以其铃、钟形宽口陶器而闻名）

（1）Whenandwhereweretheyfrom?

Atabout2000BC（attheearlyBronzeAge青铜器时代）theBeakerFolkarrivedfromtheareasnowknownasHollandandtheRhineland.莱茵河

（2）Whyweretheysocalled?

（Howdidtheytaketheirname?

）

fromtheirdistinctivebell-shaped钟形的drinkingvessels（orbeakers）

（3）Howabouttheircivilization?

（Whatdidtheybringwiththem?

）

a）Theartofpottery陶器making

b）Theabilitytofashion（ornamentwithpatterns）bronzetools

c）Thecustomofindividualburial

d）Thehillforts（堡垒）andsmallfortifiedtowns（筑堡城镇）.TheMaidenCastleisoneofthefinestexamples.

3.TheCelts

（1）WhoweretheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish?

TheCeltsweretheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish

（2）Whenandwhereweretheyfrom?

Theybegantoarriveabout700BC,andmayhavecomefromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,Belgium比利时andGermany

（3）Whatwerethesepeople?

A.TheywerePractisedfarmers.Theydrainedmuchofthemarshlands沼泽地andbuilthousesofwoodandwickerworkwithaweatherproofcoatingofmud.（带有抗风化的泥层）

B.Theywereironworkers.

（4）Whatwastheirreligion?

Druidism（德鲁伊德教），theDruids—thewisemen,astrologers,soothsayers（占卜者）

II.RomanBritain（55BC—410AD）

1.WhatdoyouknowabouttheRomaninvasionofBritain?

（1）BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.

（2）In55BC,thegreatRomangeneralJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainforthefirsttime

（partlytogatherinformationabouttheislandandpartlytopunishtheBelgaewhohelpedinfightingagainsttheconqueringRoman）

theinvasionwasunsuccessfulbecauseofresistance,thesuccessfulinvasiondidnottakeplaceuntilnearlyacentury

（3）InAD43,EmperorClaudiusinvadedsuccessfully

（4）Fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,butitwasneveratotaloccupation.

First,asaresultofresistance;

Secondly,RomantroopswereoftenwithdrawnfromBritaintofightinotherpartsoftheRomanEmpire.

2.theHadrian’sWall哈德良长城（公元2世纪，罗马皇帝哈德良下令修建的城墙，用于防御英格兰北部边境，抵抗克尔特部落的进攻）

ItwasoneofthetwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadoccupiedandconquered.

（1）AftertheRomanoccupation,theRomansmetwithfierceresistanceandattacksfromthetribesofScotland.ThesepeoplewerecalledPicts（皮克特人）becauseoftheir“paintedfaces”.）

（2）TheRomansrealizedthattheycouldnotconquerthem.Sotheywithdrewfromthenorth,andbuilttwogreatwalls,theHadrian’sWallandtheAntonineWall,toresisttheattacks）

3.theRomancontribution

（1）theybuiltanetworkoftownsontheirmilitarycampswiththecapitalofLondon

（thesuffix–casteror–chesterinEnglishplacenames—Lancaster,Winchester—derivesfromcastra,theLatinwordforcamp.）

（2）theRomansconstructedanetworkofmajorandsecondaryroads.FromLondon,roadsradiatedalloverthecountry.

（3）TheRomansmadegooduseofBritain’snaturalresources.Theybuiltbaths,temples,amphitheatres圆形剧场andbeautifulvillas.别墅

（4）TheRomansalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.

4.WhywastheRomaninfluenceonBritainsolimited?

AlthoughBritainbecamepartoftheRomanEmpire,theRomanimpactupontheBritonswassurprisinglylimitedasaresultof

（1）theRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubject服从的peopleofslaveclass.

（2）TheRomansandtheBritonsneverintermarriedduringthe4centuries.

（3）TheRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.

III.TheAnglo-Saxons（446-871）盎格鲁-萨克逊人

1.WhoweretheAnglo-Saxons?

TheAnglo-SaxonsreferredtothethreeTeutonictribes（日而漫部落）whoinvadedBritaininthemid-5thcentury.TheywereJutes,SaxonsandAngles.

--TheJutes朱特人,fromtoday’sDenmark,cametoBritainfirstforassistancetodriveoutthePictsandScots.

--ThentheSaxonsfromnorthernGerman

--TheAngleswhoalsocamefromnorthernGermanandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople.

2.HowdidtheHeptarchy（七王国）comeintobeing?

DuringtheAnglo-Saxoninvasion,thethreetribesnamedtheJutes,theSaxonsandtheAnglessettledindifferentpartsofBritainwhichwasdividedintomanykingdoms.Amongthem,therewere7principlekingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.SotheyhavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy.

3.Offa’sDyke欧发大堤（古代英格兰的巨大土方工程。

8世纪后期由麦西亚王偶发下令修建，作为英格兰河威尔士的分界线）

TheAnglo-Saxontribeswereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingto

gettheupperhand.

（1）Alongancientearthwork

（2）Builtinthe8thcenturybyOffa,theKingofMercia,alonghiswesternborderstokeepouttheWelsh

（3）AsaboundarybetweenEngland（totheeast）andWales（tothewest）

4.HowweretheearlyAnglo-SaxonsconvertedtoChristianity?

（1）theAnglo-SaxonsbroughtwiththemtheirownTeutonicreligionwhentheyinvadedBritain,andChristianitywasthenonlyafringebelief.

AmongtheAnglo-SaxonGodswereTiu（蒂乌），thegodofwar,Woden（沃登）,kingofheaven,Thor（托尔）,thegodofStorms,andFreya（弗雷娅）,goddessofpeace.

ThenamesTuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayderivefromthesegods.

（2）In597,theRomanPopeGregoryIsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheheathenEnglishtoChristianity.

（3）Augustinewasremarkablysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility,andhebecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.大主教

（4）Buttheconversionofthecommonpeoplewaslargelyduetothemissionaryactivitiesofthemonksinthenorth.Monasteriessprangupthroughoutthecountryandbecameplacesoflearning.

5.WhatcontributionsdidtheearlyAnglo-SaxonsmaketotheEnglishstate?

ThoughtheAnglo-Saxonswereferocious（barbarian,brutal）people,theylaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.

（1）First,themodernnamesof“England”and“English”derivedfromtheAngles.

（2）Secondly,theydividedthecountryintoshires（郡），withshirecourtsandshirereeves,orsheriffs（郡长官、行政司法长官），responsibleforadministeringlaws.

（3）Thirdly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem（三田耕种制度），whichcontinueduntiltheagriculturalrevolutioninthe18thcentury.

（4）Fourthly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorial（庄园的、领地的）system（采邑制度），wherebythelordofthemanorcollectedtaxes,andorganizedthelocalarmy.

（5）TheycreatedtheWitan（councilormeetingofthewisemen,议会、贤人会议）toadvisetheking.

6.WhatistheWitan

（1）Witanwasthecouncilofmeetingofthewisemen.

（2）ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.

（3）It’sthebasisofthePrivyCouncil（枢密院）whichstillexiststoday.

7.thePrivyCouncil

（1）AnadvisorybodytotheCrown:

abodythatadvisestheCrownonmattersofgovernment.

（2）thepredecessoroftheCabinet.ItwasthemostimportantpartofthegovernmentuntilthedevelopmentoftheCabinetafter1688.

（3）Itsdutiesarenowformal:

itisthebodythroughwhichtheQueenmakescertainorders,puttingintoeffectdecisionsmadebyministers.

（4）numberofmembers:

ithasabout400members,includingallCabinetministers,theSpeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.

IV.TheVikingandDanishInvasions北欧海盗和丹麦人入侵

1.WhoweretheVikingsandhowdidtheyinvadeBritain?

（1）theVikingsweretheNorwegiansandtheDanesfromDenmark.

（2）TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcenturyandbecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury.

（3）TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianity.

（4）TheygainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland（“theDanelaw”）

2.WhatdoyouknowaboutKingAlfred?

（1）AlfredwasthekingofWessex.

（2）HedefeatedtheDanes丹麦人whoattackedEnglandandreachedandagreementwiththem.

（3）TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthande