英语概况Word下载.docx
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2、RomanInvasion(theRomancontribution)
3、theHadrian’sWall
4、theAnglo-Saxons(itscontribution)
5、theHeptarchy
6、theWitanandthePrivyCouncil
7、theVikingandDanishinvasions(“AlfredtheGreat”)
8、theNormanConquest(theBattleofHastings,consequencesoftheNormanConquest)
教学难点:
所省略的历史事件的衔接、罗马征服影响的局限性
对所省略的历史事件进行简要介绍;
从征服者与被征服者融合角度分析
课堂讨论:
结合中国历史讨论theHadrian’sWall,theHeptarchy,theWitan,AlfredtheGreat
考核目标:
1、theearliestsettlersinBritain
2、theStonehenge
3、RomaninfluenceonBritainanditslimitations
4、basisofmodernEnglishrace:
theAnglo-Saxons
5、Heptarchy;
Offa’sDyke;
theWitan;
thePrivyCouncil
6、KingAlfredandhiscontributions
7、theNormanConquestanditsconsequences
阅读参考:
1、来安芳.《英美概况》,第一章
2、吴斐.《英国社会与文化》,第一章(1、2)
I.EarlySettlers(5000BC—55BC)
1.TheIberians伊比利亚人
(1)Whowerethefirstknownsettlers(inhabitants)ofBritain?
TheIberians
(2)WhendidtheycometoBritain?
At3000BCduringtheNewStoneAge
(3)HowdoyouknowthattheIberianswerethefirstknownsettlerstoBritain?
A.Theproofisthelongbarrows(古墓冢)found,whichweretheircommunalburialmounds(公墓)
B.theStonehenge(圆形巨石群、阵):
a.Itisacirculargroupoflargestandingstonesconstructedbefore2000BC.
b.ItisregardedasoneofthemostimportantmonumentsofitskindinEurope.
c.Exactlywhyitwasbuiltisunknownbutitmusthavehadreligiousandpoliticalsignificance.
(TherearemanydifferentideasaboutthepurposeofStonehenge:
itmayhavebeenacenterofsunworship,andwasperhapsanobservatory)
d.SomethinktheStonehengeisassociatedwiththeCelts.
2.TheBeakerFolk宽口陶器人(以其铃、钟形宽口陶器而闻名)
(1)Whenandwhereweretheyfrom?
Atabout2000BC(attheearlyBronzeAge青铜器时代)theBeakerFolkarrivedfromtheareasnowknownasHollandandtheRhineland.莱茵河
(2)Whyweretheysocalled?
(Howdidtheytaketheirname?
)
fromtheirdistinctivebell-shaped钟形的drinkingvessels(orbeakers)
(3)Howabouttheircivilization?
(Whatdidtheybringwiththem?
)
a)Theartofpottery陶器making
b)Theabilitytofashion(ornamentwithpatterns)bronzetools
c)Thecustomofindividualburial
d)Thehillforts(堡垒)andsmallfortifiedtowns(筑堡城镇).TheMaidenCastleisoneofthefinestexamples.
3.TheCelts
(1)WhoweretheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish?
TheCeltsweretheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish
(2)Whenandwhereweretheyfrom?
Theybegantoarriveabout700BC,andmayhavecomefromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,Belgium比利时andGermany
(3)Whatwerethesepeople?
A.TheywerePractisedfarmers.Theydrainedmuchofthemarshlands沼泽地andbuilthousesofwoodandwickerworkwithaweatherproofcoatingofmud.(带有抗风化的泥层)
B.Theywereironworkers.
(4)Whatwastheirreligion?
Druidism(德鲁伊德教),theDruids—thewisemen,astrologers,soothsayers(占卜者)
II.RomanBritain(55BC—410AD)
1.WhatdoyouknowabouttheRomaninvasionofBritain?
(1)BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.
(2)In55BC,thegreatRomangeneralJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainforthefirsttime
(partlytogatherinformationabouttheislandandpartlytopunishtheBelgaewhohelpedinfightingagainsttheconqueringRoman)
theinvasionwasunsuccessfulbecauseofresistance,thesuccessfulinvasiondidnottakeplaceuntilnearlyacentury
(3)InAD43,EmperorClaudiusinvadedsuccessfully
(4)Fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,butitwasneveratotaloccupation.
First,asaresultofresistance;
Secondly,RomantroopswereoftenwithdrawnfromBritaintofightinotherpartsoftheRomanEmpire.
2.theHadrian’sWall哈德良长城(公元2世纪,罗马皇帝哈德良下令修建的城墙,用于防御英格兰北部边境,抵抗克尔特部落的进攻)
ItwasoneofthetwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadoccupiedandconquered.
(1)AftertheRomanoccupation,theRomansmetwithfierceresistanceandattacksfromthetribesofScotland.ThesepeoplewerecalledPicts(皮克特人)becauseoftheir“paintedfaces”.)
(2)TheRomansrealizedthattheycouldnotconquerthem.Sotheywithdrewfromthenorth,andbuilttwogreatwalls,theHadrian’sWallandtheAntonineWall,toresisttheattacks)
3.theRomancontribution
(1)theybuiltanetworkoftownsontheirmilitarycampswiththecapitalofLondon
(thesuffix–casteror–chesterinEnglishplacenames—Lancaster,Winchester—derivesfromcastra,theLatinwordforcamp.)
(2)theRomansconstructedanetworkofmajorandsecondaryroads.FromLondon,roadsradiatedalloverthecountry.
(3)TheRomansmadegooduseofBritain’snaturalresources.Theybuiltbaths,temples,amphitheatres圆形剧场andbeautifulvillas.别墅
(4)TheRomansalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.
4.WhywastheRomaninfluenceonBritainsolimited?
AlthoughBritainbecamepartoftheRomanEmpire,theRomanimpactupontheBritonswassurprisinglylimitedasaresultof
(1)theRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubject服从的peopleofslaveclass.
(2)TheRomansandtheBritonsneverintermarriedduringthe4centuries.
(3)TheRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.
III.TheAnglo-Saxons(446-871)盎格鲁-萨克逊人
1.WhoweretheAnglo-Saxons?
TheAnglo-SaxonsreferredtothethreeTeutonictribes(日而漫部落)whoinvadedBritaininthemid-5thcentury.TheywereJutes,SaxonsandAngles.
--TheJutes朱特人,fromtoday’sDenmark,cametoBritainfirstforassistancetodriveoutthePictsandScots.
--ThentheSaxonsfromnorthernGerman
--TheAngleswhoalsocamefromnorthernGermanandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople.
2.HowdidtheHeptarchy(七王国)comeintobeing?
DuringtheAnglo-Saxoninvasion,thethreetribesnamedtheJutes,theSaxonsandtheAnglessettledindifferentpartsofBritainwhichwasdividedintomanykingdoms.Amongthem,therewere7principlekingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.SotheyhavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy.
3.Offa’sDyke欧发大堤(古代英格兰的巨大土方工程。
8世纪后期由麦西亚王偶发下令修建,作为英格兰河威尔士的分界线)
TheAnglo-Saxontribeswereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingto
gettheupperhand.
(1)Alongancientearthwork
(2)Builtinthe8thcenturybyOffa,theKingofMercia,alonghiswesternborderstokeepouttheWelsh
(3)AsaboundarybetweenEngland(totheeast)andWales(tothewest)
4.HowweretheearlyAnglo-SaxonsconvertedtoChristianity?
(1)theAnglo-SaxonsbroughtwiththemtheirownTeutonicreligionwhentheyinvadedBritain,andChristianitywasthenonlyafringebelief.
AmongtheAnglo-SaxonGodswereTiu(蒂乌),thegodofwar,Woden(沃登),kingofheaven,Thor(托尔),thegodofStorms,andFreya(弗雷娅),goddessofpeace.
ThenamesTuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayderivefromthesegods.
(2)In597,theRomanPopeGregoryIsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheheathenEnglishtoChristianity.
(3)Augustinewasremarkablysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility,andhebecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.大主教
(4)Buttheconversionofthecommonpeoplewaslargelyduetothemissionaryactivitiesofthemonksinthenorth.Monasteriessprangupthroughoutthecountryandbecameplacesoflearning.
5.WhatcontributionsdidtheearlyAnglo-SaxonsmaketotheEnglishstate?
ThoughtheAnglo-Saxonswereferocious(barbarian,brutal)people,theylaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.
(1)First,themodernnamesof“England”and“English”derivedfromtheAngles.
(2)Secondly,theydividedthecountryintoshires(郡),withshirecourtsandshirereeves,orsheriffs(郡长官、行政司法长官),responsibleforadministeringlaws.
(3)Thirdly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem(三田耕种制度),whichcontinueduntiltheagriculturalrevolutioninthe18thcentury.
(4)Fourthly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorial(庄园的、领地的)system(采邑制度),wherebythelordofthemanorcollectedtaxes,andorganizedthelocalarmy.
(5)TheycreatedtheWitan(councilormeetingofthewisemen,议会、贤人会议)toadvisetheking.
6.WhatistheWitan
(1)Witanwasthecouncilofmeetingofthewisemen.
(2)ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.
(3)It’sthebasisofthePrivyCouncil(枢密院)whichstillexiststoday.
7.thePrivyCouncil
(1)AnadvisorybodytotheCrown:
abodythatadvisestheCrownonmattersofgovernment.
(2)thepredecessoroftheCabinet.ItwasthemostimportantpartofthegovernmentuntilthedevelopmentoftheCabinetafter1688.
(3)Itsdutiesarenowformal:
itisthebodythroughwhichtheQueenmakescertainorders,puttingintoeffectdecisionsmadebyministers.
(4)numberofmembers:
ithasabout400members,includingallCabinetministers,theSpeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.
IV.TheVikingandDanishInvasions北欧海盗和丹麦人入侵
1.WhoweretheVikingsandhowdidtheyinvadeBritain?
(1)theVikingsweretheNorwegiansandtheDanesfromDenmark.
(2)TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcenturyandbecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury.
(3)TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianity.
(4)TheygainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland(“theDanelaw”)
2.WhatdoyouknowaboutKingAlfred?
(1)AlfredwasthekingofWessex.
(2)HedefeatedtheDanes丹麦人whoattackedEnglandandreachedandagreementwiththem.
(3)TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthande