Fortress BeseigedabridgedWord文档格式.docx

Fortress BeseigedabridgedWord文档格式.docx

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IENCHUNG-SHU

Translators'

Preface

Ch'

ienChung-shuranksamongtheforemosttwentieth-centuryChinesenovelists,andhisnovelWei-ch'

eng（FortressBesieged）isoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryChinesenovels.AfterreceivingextensivetreatmentofhisworksinC.T.Hsia'

sAHistoryofModernChineseFictionin1961,Ch'

ienwaslargelyneglecteduntilrecently.ThepresenttranslationofWei-ch'

engreflectsthatrenewedinterest,anditishopedthatitwillgenerateevengreaterinterestinCh'

ienChung-shuandhisworks.

ThistranslationisthecooperativeeffortofJeanneKellyandNathanK.Mao.WhereasJeanneKellydidthefirstdraftofthetranslation,NathanK.Maorevisedit;

inaddition,Maowrotetheintroduction,refinedthefootnotes,andpreparedthemanuscriptforpublication.Despiteourdividedtasks,thisbookisourjointresponsibility.

WewishtothankProfessorJosephS.M.LauoftheUniversityofWisconsinandProfessorLeoOu-fanLeeofIndianaUniversityfortheirexperteditingassistance,patience,andencouragement;

ChangHsu-pengforhelpinthefirstdraftofthetranslation;

JamesC.T.ShuoftheUniversityofWisconsinandProfessorMarkA.GivlerofShippensburgStateCollegeforreadingtheentiremanuscriptandofferingtheiradvice;

Mr.GeorgeKaooftheChineseUniversityofHongKongforpermissiontoreprintchapterone,publishedinRenditions（No.2,Spring1974）;

andlastlyProfessorC.T.HsiaofColumbiaUniversityforsupplyinguswithbiographicalandbibliographicalinformationonCh'

ienChung-shu.

WealsowishtoexpressourgratitudetoMr.Ch'

ienChung-shuhimselfforreadingthebiographicalpartoftheTranslators'

IntroductionaswellastheAuthor'

sPrefaceduringhisvisittotheUnitedStatesinApril-Mayof1979.Heclarifiedseveralitemsofbiographicaldetailandmadesomecorrections.Wearedeeplyhonoredthatthistranslationhastheauthor'

sfullendorsementandsupport.

ChevyChase,Maryland

Chambersburg,Pennsylvania

Introduction

FortressBesieged,orWei-ch'

eng,firstserializedinLiteraryRenaissance（Wen-ifu-hsing）andpublishedinbookformin1947,hasbeenacclaimedas"

oneofmodernChina'

stwobestnovels,"

'

orher"

greatestnovel;

"

ithasbeenthesubjectoftwodoctoraldissertationsandonemaster'

sthesisandvariousscholarlypapersinEnglishandChinese.Amongdifferingviewsonthemeritsofthenovel,C.T.Hsiahashighlypraisedthenovel'

scomicexuberanceandsatire;

DennisHu,itslinguisticmanipulation;

TheodoreHuters,itsrelationshiptomodernChineseletters;

andMaiPingk'

unhaswrittenfavorablyonbothCh'

ien'

sessaysandhisfiction.Whateachcritichasstressedisoneaspectofthenovel'

smultifacetedbrilliance,anditistheintentofthisintroductiontodiscussthenovelasanartisticwhole.

OnNovember10,1910,Ch'

ienChung-shu,theauthorofFortressBesieged,wasbornintoaliteraryfamilyinWuhsi,Kiangsuprovince.HisfatherCh'

ienChi-po（1887—1957）wasarenownedliteraryhistoriananduniversityprofessor.Ch'

ienwasaprecociouschild,notedforhisphotographicmemoryandbrillianceinwritingChineseverseandprose.Upongraduationfromgradeschool,heattendedSt.John'

sUniversityAffiliatedHighSchoolsinSoochowandWuhsi.Inhighschool,Ch'

ienexcelledinEnglish.WhenhesatforthematriculationexaminationoftheprestigiousTsing-huaUniversity,itwassaidthathescoredverypoorlyinmathematicsbutdidsowellinEnglishandChinesecompositionthathepassedtheexaminationwithsome~cIat.

AtTsing-hua,Ch'

ienwasknownasanarrogantyoungman,whocutlecturesandkeptmuchtohimself.AmonghisfewintimatefriendswasAchillesFang,the"

wordwizard"

（asMarianneMoorecalledhim）,whowasthenastudentinthedepartmentofphilosophy.ThereCh'

ienalsomethisfuturewifeYangChiang.AftergraduatingfromTsing-huain1933,heacceptedateachingappointmentatKuang-huaUniversityinShanghai.

In1935,onaBoxerIndemnityScholarship,Ch'

ienwenttoExeterCollege,Oxford,andmajoredinEnglishliterature.Hereadmorethrillersanddetectiveyarnsthanwashealthyforastudentdevotedtoseriousresearch.HealsodevelopedakeeninterestinHegel'

sphilosophyandMarcelProust'

sfiction.PerhapsmostegodeflatingwashisfailuretopasstheprobationerexaminationinEnglishpalaeography,andhehadtositforitasecondtime.Nonetheless,hedidachievehisB.Litt.degreefromOxfordin1937.Histhesis,composedofthreemeticulouslyresearchedchapters（"

ChinaintheEnglishLiteratureoftheSeventeenthCentury"

and"

ChinaintheEnglishLiteratureoftheEighteenthCentury'

）,waslaterpublishedintheEnglisheditionoftheQuarterlyBulletinofChineseBibliography（Tu-shuchi-k'

an）.HavingtakenhisOxforddegree,hestudiedayearinParis.

ReturningtoChinain1938,thesecondyearofthesecondSino-JapaneseWar,Ch'

ien,athomeintheliteraturesoftwoorthreemajorEuropeanlanguages,taughtattheNationalSouthwestAssociatedUniversityinKunming;

itheNationalTeachersCollegeatLan-t'

ieninPao-ching,Hunanprovince;

AuroraWomen'

sCollegeofArtsandSciencesinShanghai;

andChi-nanUniversityinShanghai.From1946to1948hewasalsotheeditoroftheEnglishlanguageperiodicalPhilobiblion,publishedbytheNationalCentralUniversityLibraryinNanking.

Amongthesmallcorpusofpre-CommunistworksbyCh'

ien,thefollowingarenoteworthy.AtTsing-huahewroteanumberofshortstoriesandvignette-typeessaysforCrescentMoon（Hsinyuieh）andLiteraryReview（Wen-hsiiehtsa-chih）magazines.In1941theessayswerepublishedinShanghaiasavolumeentitledMarginaliaofLife（Hsiehtsaijen-shengpienshang）.Someoftheshortstorieswereanthologizedinhis1946publicationentitledMen,Beasts,andGhosts（Jen,Shou,Kuei）.In1948hepublishedOntheArtofPoetry（T'

anyiin）,composedinanelegantwen-yen,orclassical,style.

AftertheCommunistvictoryin1949,hereturnedtoPekingtoteachatTsing-huaUniversity.WhilestillinShanghai,Ch'

ienhadbecomedissatisfiedwithFortressBesieged,andthoughthecoulddobetter.Hebegantowriteanothernoveltobecalled"

HeartoftheArtichoke"

（Pai-hohsin）,afterBaudelaire'

sphrase"

Lecoeurd'

artichaut."

Hehadwrittensome3,000to4,000words,butunfortunatelythemanuscriptwaslostinthemailwhentheCh'

iensmovedfromShanghaitoPeking.Hehasnotworkedonthenovelsincethen.

InPekingCh'

ienfirstworkedasaresearcherintheForeignLiteratureInstituteoftheAcademyofSciences;

thenhetransferredtotheChineseLiteratureInstituteofthesameacademy.SincethefoundationoftheInstituteofLiteratureintheAcademyofSocialSciencesin1952,hehasbeenoneofitstwoseniorfellows,theotherbeingYuPing-Po,well-knownforhisstudiesontheDreamoftheRedChamber（Hung-loumeng）.Ch'

swifeYangChiangisaresearcherintheinstitute.

ienseemstohaveabandonedthewritingofhisearliervitriolicworksandrestrictedhimselftoliteraryscholarship.Hismostsignificantpost-1949workhasbeenAnnotatedSelectionofSungPoetry（Sung-shibhsiian-chu）,whichwaspublishedin1958.LaterheheadedateamofscholarsresponsibleforthewritingoftheT'

angandSungsectionsofahistoryofChineseliterature.In1974itwaswidelyrumoredthathehaddied.TherumorpromptedC.T.Hsiatowriteamemorialessay,"

InMemoryofMr.Ch'

ienChung-shu"

（Chui-nienCh'

ienChung-shuhsien-sheng）.Ch'

ien,however,isaliveandwellandhasbeen"

resurrected"

afterthefalloftheGangofFour.HisrecentactivitiesincludevisitstoRomeinthefallof1978andtotheUnitedStatesinthespringof1979asamemberofChineseacademicdelegations.WhilehewasinItaly,hetalkedwiththreescholarswhoweretranslatingorhadtranslatedFortressBesiegedintoFrench,Czech,andRussian.YangChiangwasamemberofaChinesedelegationinPariswhileherhusbandwasinAmerica.HermostrecentpublicationwasaChinesetranslationofDonQuixotein1978,anditisnowinitssecondprinting.

In1979Ch'

ienpublishedabookcontainingfourstudies,oneonChinesepaintingandChinesepoetrydatingbacktothe1930sandtheotherthreeessayswrittensince1949（includingoneonLinShu,whichwaspartiallytranslatedbyGeo