跨文化交际上课内容0910下0102Word下载.docx
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Topicsforpresentation(asareference)
Names
Addressing
ExpressingThanksandResponses
FamilyLife
Friendship
SocialInteraction
TermsofColor
Idioms
Introduction
Conversation
Telephonecalls
Facialexpressions
Eyebehaviors
Gestures
Posture
TimeandSpace
UnitOne&
TwoCommunication,CultureandInterculturalCommunication
I.WhatIsCommunication?
Decidewhetherthefollowingareexamplesofcommunicationsornot?
Why?
1.Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.
2.TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille.
3.AGermanbusinessmannegotiates,throughaninterpreter,withhisChinesecounterpart.
4.Afarmergivesinstructionstohisploughingcow.
5.Aprogrammerissuescommandstoacomputer.
6.Tomtalkstohimselfwhileflourishinghistoygun.
7.Yousendane-mailmessagetoanAmericanfriend.
8.Janeliesinbedreadinganovel.
TheBasicsofCommunication:
Communicationoccursif:
1.twoormorepeople;
2.contact;
3.asharedlanguage;
4.anexchangeofinformation.
Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages50-59.Whataretheelementsofcommunication?
Ø
Context:
fouraspects(thephysicalsetting,historicalaspect,psychologicalaspect,cultureaspect)
Participants:
threevariables(relationship,gender,culture)
Messages:
meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding.
Channels:
themethodusedtodeliveramessage(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch,oranycombinationofthese)
Noise(干扰):
atermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise,internalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.
Feedback:
theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessage
Definition:
“Communicationmaybedefinedasthatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidueofthebehaviorofanotherperson.”
----L.A.Samovar,etal
Keypoints:
1Thebehaviorincludesverbalbehaviorandnon-verbalbehavior.
2themeaningof“behaviorresidue"
:
simultaneouscommunicationandnon-simultaneouscommunication.
3Abehavior,whetherintentionalorunintentional,consciousorunconscious,onceisreceived,communicationoccurs.
4Feedbackisnotaprerequisiteofcommunication.Sotheremaybeone-waycommunication.
2.FactorsAffectingCommunication
Eightspecificingredientsofcommunication:
①thesource(行为源):
apersonwhohasaneedtocommunicate
②encoding(编码):
aninternalactivityinwhichasourcecreatesamessagethroughtheselectionofverbalandnon-verbalsymbols(行为源组织信息的内心活动).
③message(信息):
theresultofencoding,oncespokenoutandreceived,becomesamessage.
④channel(渠道):
thephysicalmeansbywhichthemessageistransmitted.
⑤theresponder(反应者):
thepersonwhointerceptsthemessageandasaconsequencebecomeslinkedtothesource.
⑥decoding(译码):
theinternalactivityofthereceiver’sinformationprocessing.
⑦response(反应):
whatareceiverdecidestodoaboutthemessage.
⑧feedback(反馈):
feedbackandresponseareclearlyrelated.Responsebecomesfeedbackwhenreceivedbythesource.
Oftheeightingredients,thesourceandtheresponder,encodinganddecoding,arethemostimportantbecausetheyarerelatedtopersons.
Somepersonalfactors:
sex,age,temperament,occupation,socialstatus,knowledgestructure,lifeexperience,etc.
Uncertainfactors,varyingatdifferenttime:
intention,mood,statusatthattime,etc.
Objectivefactors:
time,place,occasion.
3.CommunicationTypes
①basedonsymbolsused:
verbalandnon-verbal
②basedonmedia:
directandindirect
③basedonfeedback:
two-wayandone-way
④basedonnumbersofthesourcesandresponders:
one/group-to-oneandone/group-to-group
⑤basedonsetresponder:
directedandnon-directed
⑥basedonthesource’sintention:
intentionalandunintentional
⑦basedontheresponder’sactiveness:
activeandpassive
⑧basedontime:
simultaneousandnon-simultaneous
*FurtherExplanations:
Two-waycommunication:
Communicatorscanseeeachotherandmonitoreachother’sbehaviour--directcommunication.
One-waycommunication:
communicatorscannotseeeachother,andhencecannotmonitoreachother’sbehaviour--indirectcommunication.
4.CharacteristicsofCommunication(P68-72)
1Communicationisdynamic.Itisanon-going,ever-changingactivity.Wearesuretobeinfluencedbyother’smessage,whethergraduallyorradically.
2Itisinteractive(interpersonalcommunication).
3Itisirreversible.
4Itiscontextual.
More:
Communicationissystematic:
Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.
Communicationissymbolic:
Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbolisaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning.People'
sbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.
Communicationisself-reflective:
Humanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.
II.WhatIsCulture?
Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages40-44.Whatcanyoulearnaboutculturefromit?
1.People
who
know
about
art,
musicand
literature
are
cultured….
2.People
have
to
learn
the
cultural
ways
of
theircommunity;
theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.
1.OriginsofcultureinEnglishandChinese
(1)“Culture”isaloanwordfromLatinmeaning“cultivatingortillingtheland”.Itwasoriginallyassociatedwithphysicalactivitiesandproductionoffood.Later,itsmeaningwasextendedtoincludemental,moral,aesthetic,educationalandintellectualactivities.IncontemporaryEnglishitsoriginalmeaningisstillretained.
(2)“文化”isanativewordinChinese.“文”and“化”wereusedtogetherintheWarringStates.“人文”in“观乎人文,以化成天下”referstotheinterwovenrelationshipsbetweenthemonarchandhissubjects,fathersandsons,husbandsandwives,brothersandfriends,and“化”means“changingand/orcultivating”.Whenusedtogether,“文”and“化”mean“以文教化”.TheywerecombinedintoonewordinHanDynasty,withitsmeaningcontrastedwith“nature”ononehandand“primitiveness”and“savage”ontheotherhand.So“文化”wasoriginallyassociatedwithmentalactivities.
2.Definition
Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculture---theideasandthestandardstheyhaveincommon.
—R.Benedict
AccordingtoTheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis“theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively”.
DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective:
♦“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;
theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues”.
-----KroeberandKluckhohn
DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective
♦cultureis"
thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother"
.
----GeertHofstede
DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective
♦“Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperception—includingbothverbalandnonverballanguageattitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior”.
DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective
♦“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”
[BatesandPlog]
A.Cultureinitsbroadsense
Cultureistheattributeofman,or,whateverdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworldisculture.Basedonthis,Prof.LinDajinprovidesaChinesecounterpartdefinition:
文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征.Itmayincludethefollowingcomponents:
①Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds,includingscienceandtechnology,suchasspaceshuttles,airplanes,andcars;
②Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished,includingsocioeconomicinstitutions,politico-legalinstitutions,andreligiousorganizations;
③Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment,includingvarioussubjectssuchasmathematicsandeducation,andartisticformssuchasliterature,painting,musicanddance;
④Languageandothercommunicationsystemssuchasgesturesandfacialexpressions;
⑤Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns;
⑥Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.
Cultureinthissenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”oracademiccultureorculturewithabigC(大写字母的文化).It’scultureingeneral,cultureofallnationalitiesandethnicgroups.ButweknowtherearespecificculturessuchasChinese,AmericanandBritish.According