英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案之欧阳体创编Word格式文档下载.docx

英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案之欧阳体创编Word格式文档下载.docx

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Whatdoyouknowaboutit?

Inwhatwayisthe“Empire”stillfeltinBritainandintheinternationalfield?

TheBritishEmpirecomprisedthedominions,colonies,protectorates,mandates,andotherterritoriesruledoradministeredbytheUnitedKingdom,thathadoriginatedwiththeoverseascoloniesandtradingpostsestablishedbyEnglandinthelate16thandearly17thcenturies.

Intheinternationalfield,Britainhasgreatvoiceinpolitics,economyandcultureandsoon.

2.

WhyimpossibletosumupBritishpeoplewithafewsimplephrases:

TheUKismadeupofdifferentelements.Itincludes4partswithintheonenation-state.Itisnowamultiracialsocietywithdifferentreligionbelieves.Itisdividedeconomicallyanditisasocietywithaclass-structure.Andwithineachofthefourcountriestherearedifferentregions.Sincethiscountrywassocomplicatedbothinhistoryorhumanity,itisimpossibletosumuptheirpeople.

3.

Ahistoryofinvasions:

（1）Beforethe1stcenturyADBritainwasmadeupoftribalkindomsofCelticpeople.TheybroughtthecentralEuropenculturetoBritain.Thenin43AD,RomanEmpireinvadedBritainandcontrolleditforslavesocietybutalsodisseminatedtheirCatholicism.

（2）However,inthe5thcentury,theRomanEmpirerapidlywanedinpowerandBritainwasconqueredbytheAnglesandtheSaxons.InordertodefendtheSaxons,agreatleader—KingArthurappeared.Hecreatedthe"

roundtable"

tosatisfyalltheknights'

requirementofhavingequalprecedence.ThusitgraduallyformedthemonarchyinBritainasamoredemocraticsystem.WhetherArthur'

sarealpersoninthehistoryornot,Anglo-SaxonsdidsucceedininvadingBritainandtheyweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.（3）Inthe8thcentury,theVikingsfromDenmarkcontrolledthenothernandeasternEngland.AAnglo-Saxonherio,kingAlfredtheGreatfoughtagainstthevikingswiththetrulyEnglish.Andthat'

swhythere'

sacertainculturaldifferencebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland（4）Later,theNomansfromnorthernFrance,undertheleadingofWilliamofNormandy,killedthekingandWilliambecametheFristofEngland.TheyimportedarullingclassthatFrench-speakingNormanaristocracyrulledSaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation.Inthiscondition,thereweren'

talotofrebellionsamongtheEnglishpeople.ThatdirectlyformedanEnglishuniquecharacter:

arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.Eventoday,wecanstillfindthispersonalityfromtheBritishpeoplethroughtheirlifestyles.

Howdidtheyinfluenceculture:

[接着上边一起看]

（2）alotofstoriesofKingArthur,whichbroughtalotofsingers,poets,novelistsandfilmmakers.Placesassociatedwithhislegend.RoundtablewasweenasanindicatorofthewayinwhichtheEnglishhavewishedtoseetheirmonarchassomethingotherthanaremotedictator.（3）anglo-saxoninvadersweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.ByVikings'

settlementstheEnlishheroesweretrulyEnglish.Thereremainstothisdayacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinengland.（4）NormanaristocracyrulingalargelySaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation.thelegendofRobinHood.

4.

GeneralcharacteristicofScotland:

Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.

（1）rugged.

（2）notconqueredbytheRomans（3）maintainitsseparatepoliticalidentityformorethanahundredyears.（4）eagerforindependence.

HowScotlandbecamepartoftheunionofGreatBritain:

in1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.In1745therewasabrutalmilitaryresponsefromtheBritisharmy.TherebelarmywasdestroyedatthebattleofCullodeninnorthernScotland.

5.

DescribeWalesandtheunificationwithBritain:

（1）waleswasanimportantelementinBritain'

sindustrialrevolution,asithadrichcoaldeposits.Itissuccessfulinattractinginvestmentfromabroad.WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.

（2）WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.In1536,waleswasbroughtlegally,administratively,andpoliticallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishparliament.Thiscloselong-standingrelationshipmeansthatmodernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses---itslegalsystemanditseducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland.

6.

DifferencesbetweenEngland,ScotlandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition:

[书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较]

（1）Englishcharacter:

arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.Butyoungpeoplearenotallstereotypes.Butitiscertainlytruethatthelifelessfrontsofmanyenglishhousesconcealbeautifulbackgardens.

（2）ThedreamofanindependentScotlandhasnotvanished.Theyarealwayseagerforfreedom.Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience."

SuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity."

SomepeoplespeakGaelic.（3）Walesisdifferent,andoneofthekeymarkersofthatdiffeneceistheWelshlanguage--theoldBritishCeltictonguewhichisstillindailyuse.ModernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses.（itslegalsystemandeducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland）

Unit2

1.

WhyisNorthernIrelandsosignificantintheUK:

ThoughNorthernIrelandissmallitissignificantbecauseofthepoliticaltroublesthere.

Itspoliticalproblem:

TheproblemisinNorthernIrelandin1921insouthernIrelandindependencefromBritain,IrelandNorthandSouthfollowingtheseparationofissuesleftoverbyhistory,mixeditwithhistorical,political,ethnicandreligiousconflicts,extremelycomplex.Ireland’sindependence,toremainunderBritishrulewithintheframeworkofthe6inthenorthernislandofIrelandresidentsofthepro-BritishProtestantmajority（about51%）,theCatholicnationalistminority（about38%）,asaresultofthetwomajorforcesinNorthernIrelandOnthecontrarypositionofownershipandleadtoconfrontation,conflict.[因为发现实在太难sumup了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]NorthernIrelandwasformanyyearsthesiteofaviolentandbitterethno-politicalconflict—theTroubles—whichwascausedbydivisionsbetweennationalists,whoarepredominantlyRomanCatholic,andunionists,whoarepredominantlyProtestant.UnionistswantNorthernIrelandtoremainasapartoftheUnitedKingdom,[6]whilenationalistswishforittobepoliticallyreunitedwiththerestofIreland,independentofBritishrule.[网络其它版本]Until1921thefullnameoftheUKwas"

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland"

notonly"

NorthernIreland"

becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain,andhadbeensince1801,whileBritain'

sdominationoftheIrishdatedbackcenturiesevenbeforethatdate.ButIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstatewereneverlost,andoneofthekeyissuesinlatenineteenthcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled"

home-rule"

—IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.

FactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIrelandtoday:

Alongwiththepoliticalcampaignforhome-rulethereweregroupswhofollowedamoredirectmethodofpursuingIrishindependence,engaginginguerillaorterroristactivitiesagainstBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces.DuringtheFirstWorldWarandimmediatelyafter,thisactivityincreased,sometimesbrutallysuppressedbyBritishforces.

SumupsolutionstoNI'

spoliticalproblemsofdifferentpartiesandgroupsintheUK:

MargaretThatcher'

sgovernmentdidnotgiveintothisdemandforpoliticalstatusand11prisonersstarvedtodeath.ThiseventrevitalisedthepoliticalcampaignofSinnFein,thelegalpoliticalpartywhichsupportstheIRA'

srighttofight.ItsleadersspokeofatwincampaignforunionwithIreland,bothpoliticalandmilitary,whichtheycalledthepolicyof"

TheBulletandtheBallotBox"

.

WhatdoyouthinkshouldbetherightsolutiontothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland:

IthinktheycanasktheUNforhelp./Keepthepresentstatus.Turntoothercountriesforhelp.[自由发挥啦]

Unit3

1.

CharacteristicsoftheBritishconstitutionalmonarchy:

ThemonarchofthecountryhaslimitedrightsbecauseofBillofRight.Forexample,whiletheofficialheadofstateisthequeen,herpowersarelargelytraditionalandsymbolic.ThegovernmentatnationalandlocallevelsiselectedbythepeopleandgovernsaccordingtoBritishconstitutionalprinciples.

HowtheEnglishmonarchyevolvedtopresentconstitutionalmonarchy:

Originallythepowerofthemonarchwaslargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineofthe"

divinerightofkings"

.ForathousandyearsBritainhashadahereditarykingorqueenastheheadofthestate.WhiletheKingintheoryhadGodonhisside,inpracticeeveninmedievaltimesitwasthoughtthatheshouldnotex