人教版高中英语选修七第8讲Unit4 Sharing语法篇学生版方庄张晶.docx
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人教版高中英语选修七第8讲Unit4Sharing语法篇学生版方庄张晶
第8讲Sharing语法篇
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1.掌握定语从句的结构与功能；
2.能够熟练选用合适的关系代词和关系副词。
一.概述：
（1）定语从句：
在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词（antecedent）后面。
（2）先行词：
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
（3）引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
1）引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2）必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
常用的关系代词（在从句中作主语，宾语）:
that,which,who,whom,as,whose（定语）
常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）:
when、why、where
ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.
Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.
Theboy（whom）youaretalkingtoismybrother.
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.
定语从句三步：
第一找出先行词；
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；
第三选择合适的关系词。
二.几个关系代词的基本用法：
●that:
可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。
（指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which）（一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语）如：
Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?
Youcantakeanything（that）youlike.
Whatisthequestion（that/which）theyaretalkingabout?
Hereistheman（who/whom/that）youwanttosee.
She'snolongerthegirl（that）sheusedtobebefore.
●which:
指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。
如：
Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.
Thebook（which/that）Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.
Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.
●who,whom,whose:
who:
主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人
whom:
宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人
whose:
属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。
Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.
Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.（代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.）
He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman（whom/who/that）weshouldlearnfrom.
Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.
=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.
关系代词作介词宾语：
（介词+whom/which）
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。
）
Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook（that/which）youaskedfor.
DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？
=Doyouknowtheperson（whom/who/that）Ishookhandswith?
Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.（介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。
lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等）
三.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
（A）that&which:
在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样。
1.宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.
①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,
Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.
Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?
②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。
Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.
That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.
Thelastplace（that）wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.
比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.
*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.
Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.
⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that.如：
Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.
Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。
Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?
⑨主句是Therebe结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如：
Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that.
That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace（that）itusedtobe.
2.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.
IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.
MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingpopularinourcountry.（which指代主句）
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.
LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.
What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?
⑥先行词是those+复数名词.
Ashopshould
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