完整word版英语四级真题一Word下载.docx

完整word版英语四级真题一Word下载.docx

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Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Millionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts，withthemostserious26occurringinthedevelopingworld.

Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts27withairpollution。

Lostincomealoneamountsto＄225billionayear。

Thereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollution,whichincludes28likehomeheatingandcooking,hasremained29overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthearea。

Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryandtransportation.

DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluationChrisMurray30itasan“urgentcalltoaction。

”“Oneoftheriskfactorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle31,”hesaid。

Theeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedevelopingworld，whereinsomeplaceslost-laborincome32nearly1％ofGDP。

Around9in10peopleinlow—andmiddle-incomecountriesliveinplaceswherethey33experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.

Buttheproblemisnotlimited34tothedevelopingworld。

ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU。

S.asaresultofrelatedillnesses。

InmanyEuropeancountries，wherediesel（柴油）35havebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachestensofthousands.

A）abilityI）exclusively

B）associatedJ）innovated

C）consciouslyK）regularly

D）constantL）relates

E）controlM）sources

F）damageN）undermine

G）describedO）vehicles

H）equals

SectionB

Directions：

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoeachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs。

Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived。

Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter。

AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2。

Food—as—MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgress

[A]Severaltimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorintheaislesofRalph’smarketinHuntingtonBeach，California，wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeoplelearnaboutfood。

Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwasDanielNadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAllisonScott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswhopersistentlyavoidanythingthatishealthy。

“Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?

"

heasksher。

“Thefrozenorangesandapplesarealittlecheaper,andfruitsarereallygoodforthebrain。

Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare，youcantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.”

［B］ScottisdelightedtogetfoodadvicefromaphysicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.JosephHoagHealthalliance.Thecenter’s‘ShopwithYourDoc’programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupfortheservice，plusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions。

[C]Nadeaunoticesthepre—mademacaroni（通心粉）-and-cheeseboxesinScott’sshoppingcartandsuggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandrealcheese。

“SoI’dhavetomakeit？

sheasks，herenthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttake，justtohaveherkidsrejectit.“I'

mnotsurethey’deatit.Theyjustwon’teatit。

[D]Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamongchildren。

“InAmerica，over50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood，”Nadeautellsher。

“Andonly5percentofourfoodisplant-basedfood。

Ithinkweshouldtrytoreversethat.”Scottagreestotrymorefruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakerealmacaroniandcheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor,zerofordiabetes.

［E］NadeauispartofasmallrevolutiondevelopingacrossCalifornia.Thefood—as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecades，butit’smakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatment，ratherthanrelyingsolelyonmedications（药物）。

Byprescribingnutritionalchangesorlaunchingprogramssuchas‘ShopwithyourDoc’,theyaretryingtoprevent,limitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat.“There’snoquestionpeoplecantakethingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetes，reversinghighbloodpressure，evenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices,"

Nadeausays。

[F］Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfable,CEOandpresidentofST.JosephHoagHealth,medicalinstitutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakeaphilosophicalswitchtobecomingahealthorganization，notjustahealthcareorganization.ThatfeelingechoesthebeliefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantryprogramatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospital，whichcompleteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpandonanongoingbasistofiveclinicsitesthroughoutthecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffoodprescribedfortheircondition，alongwithintensivetraininginhowtocookit。

“Wereallywanttolinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveawayfood，"

saysDr。

RitaNguyen，thehospital’smedicaldirectorofHealthyFoodInitiatives.“Wewantpeopletounderstandwhatthey’reeating，howtoprepareit,therolefoodplaysintheirlives。

”

[G］InSouthernCalifornia，LomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineisofferingspecializedtrainingforitsresidentphysiciansinLifestyleMedicine—thatisaformalspecialtyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffoodtotreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnotmeanthatdietaloneisalwaysthesolution,orthateveryillnesscanbenefitsubstantiallyfromdietarychanges。

Nonetheless,physicianssaythattheylookatthecollectivedataandaclearpictureemerges:

thatthesalt,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation'

shighratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization，80percentofdeathsfromheartdiseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbloodpressure,tobaccouse,elevatedcholesterolandlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.

[H］“It’sadifferentparadigm（范式）ofhowtotreatdisease,”saysDr。

BrendaRea,whohelpsrunthefamilyandpreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine。

Thelifestylemedicinespecialtyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtopreventandtreatdisease,inpart，bychangingpatients’nutritionalhabits.ThemedicalcenterandschoolatLomaLindaalsohasafoodcupboardandkitchenforpatients。

Thisway,patientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodstobuy，butalsohowtopreparethemathome.

[I］Manypeopledon'

tknowhowtocook，Reasays,andtheyonlyknowhowtoheatthingsup。

Thatmeansdependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthyandhowtopreparethem，shesays,canactuallytransformapatient’slife.Andbeyondthat，itmighttransformthehealthandlivesofthatpatient’sfamily。

“Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison，”Reasays.“Asaphysician，nutritionisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffectsoflong—termdisease。

［J］Studieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychangescanslowinflammation（炎症）,forexample，ormakethebodyinhospitabletocancercells。

Ingeneral，manylifestylemedicinephysiciansrecommendaplant-baseddiet—particularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinflammatoryconditions.

[K］“Aswhathappenedwithtobacco，thiswillrequireaculturalshift，butthatcanhappen,"

saysNguyen。

“Inthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke，andthenstoppedsmokingandwereabletotalktopatientsaboutit，Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit。

36。

MorethanhalfofthefoodAmericanseatisfactory—produced。

37.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogiveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.

38。

Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfoodhelpspatientsrecoverfromvariousillnesses.

39.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyandeasily。

40.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirlife.

41。

Onefood—as—medicineprogramnotonlyprescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookit。

42。

Scottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherself,thinkingitwouldsimplybeawasteoftime.

43.Diabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmoreplant-basedfood。

44.Usingfoodasmedicineisnonovelidea,butthemovementismakingheadwaythesedays.

45.Americans’highratesofvariousillnessesresultfromthewaytheyeat。

SectionC

Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements。

ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）。

YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Californiahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow，withcertainareaseven