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自从……以来)
③since+时段+ago
④since+从句(过去时)
⑤Itis+时段+since+从句(过去时)
Maryhasbeenillforthreedays.
Ihavelivedheresince1998.
四. hasgone(to),hasbeen(to),hasbeen(in)的区别
Have/Hasgone(to):
去了(现在不在说话现场)
Whereisyourfather?
HehasgonetoShanghai.
Have/Hasbeen(to):
去过(已不在去过的地方)
MyfatherhasbeentoShanghai.
Have/hasbeenin:
呆了多久(还在所呆的地方)
MyfatherhasbeeninShanghaifortwomonths./sincetwomonthsago.
五.现在完成时的标志
1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:
*以already,just和yet为标志
Hehasalreadygotherhelp. 他已得到她的帮助。
Hehasjustseenthefilm. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
Hehasn'
tcomebackyet. 他还没有回来。
*以ever和never为标志
ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
HehasneverbeentoBeijing. 他从没有到过北京。
*以动作发生的次数为标志
HesayshehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.他说他已经去过美国三次了。
*以sofar(到目前为止)为标+before
HehasgottoBeijingsofar. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
Shehaspassedtheexamsofar. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在,甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。
* ①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点(过去从句)为标志
注意:
1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago等;
2)不能与when连用2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在;
也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成:
have(has)+过去分词.规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed;
不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表,需要同学记忆.
现以seethefilm为例将现在完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句列表如下:
肯定句:
I/You/We/Theyhaveseenthefilm.He/She/Ithasseenthefilm.
I/You/We/Theyhavenot/haven’tseenthefilm.
He/She/Ithasnot/hasn’tseenthefilm.
疑问句:
HaveI/you/theyseenthefilm?
Yes,you/we/I/theyhave.No,you/we/I/theyhaven’t.
Hashe/she/itseenthefilm?
Yes,he/she/ithas.No,he/she/ithasn’t.
二、用法:
现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在.
用法一:
表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与just(刚刚),already(已经),never(从来没有),ever(曾经),before(以前),yet(仍然),once(一次),twice(两次),manytimes(很多次),howmanytimes(多少次),sofar(迄今为止),duringthepast(last)threeyears(最近三年来)等连用.
※副词的位置:
①just常用于肯定句中,放在have/has后,Hehasjustcome.
②never表示否定,放在have/has后,HehasnevervisitedtheGreatWall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为:
Have/Has+主语+ever+过去分词?
“…曾经……过吗?
”用于询问某人过去的经历.Haveyoueverbeentothefarm?
④before用于句末,Thewomanhasneverheardofthatbefore.
⑤yet用于句末或not之后.Hasthetrainarrivedyet?
No,notyet.
⑥already用于肯定句,have/has之后或句末.Wehavealreadyfinishedit.
⑦sofar用于句首或句末.Sofar,wehavevisitedthemoon.
用法二:
表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态.时间状语有:
①for+表示一段时间的词语IhavetaughtEnglishfor19years.
②since+表示过去时间点的词语Hehasbeenatthisschoolsince1986.
③since+表示过去的时间状语从句IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.
④since+一段时间+ago.Ihaveknownhimsince20yearsago.
三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语(for,since,howlong,allone’slife)连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词.如:
be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等.
Ihavebeenateacherfornearly20years.Howlonghashelivedhere?
四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的(到说话时仍未结束)表示一段时间的状语连用.如thismorning,today,thisweek,thesedays
HehasbeentoBeijingthreetimesthisyear.Hehaswrittentwolettersthismorning.(说话时间在上午)Hewrotetwolettersthismorning.(说话时间在下午或晚上)
五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间
就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”,常见的有:
come,go,arrive,reach,see,hear,close,open,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,getup,become,borrow,lend,find,finish,receive等.这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语(howlong,for,since)连用.Hehascomeback.(√)Hehascomebackfortwohours.(×
)
※但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如
Ihaven’theardfrommyfatherforalongtime.Wehaven’tseenhimsince1999.
六、当终止性动词(非延续性动词)与表示一段时间的状语(howlong,since,for,allone’slife)相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:
(1)用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.
Hehascomebackfortwoweeks.(错)改为:
Hecamebacktwoweeksago.(正)
Ihavelostmybikefortendays.(错)改为:
Ilostmybiketendaysago.(正)
(2)用“Itis/hasbeen+时间+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写.
HehasjoinedtheLeaguefor3years.(错)Itis3yearssincehejoinedtheLeague.
Ihaveboughtthebookfor5days.(错)Itis5dayssinceIboughtthebook.(正)
Hehasdiedfor20years.(错)Itis20yearssincehedied.(正)
(3)用“时间+haspassed+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写.
Hehaslefthomefor20years.改为:
Twentyyearshaspassedsincehelefthome.
Hehaslosthispenfor2days.改为:
Twodayshaspassedsincehelosthispen.
(4)用系表结构来改写.
Hehasdiedfor20years.改为:
Hehasbeendeadfor20years.
Thefactoryhasopenedsince1999.改为:
Thefactoryhasbeenopensince1999.
Howlonghasheleft?
改为:
Howlonghashebeenaway?
(5)用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词.
Hehasboughtthebookfortwoweeks.改为:
Hehashadthebookfortwoweeks.
常见的相应转换形式如下:
borrow/lend→keep,buy→have,finish/end→beover,arrive/come/go/move/reach/getto→bein/at/behere/bethere,begin/start→beon,open→beopen,close→beclosed,die→bedead,leave→beaway(from),gotoschool→beinschool/beastudent,getup→beup,fallasleep→beasleep,fallill→beill,gettoknow→know,lose→belost,become→be,return/comeback/getback→beback,join→bein/bea…member,jointhearmy→beinthearmy/beasoldier,receive/getaletter→havealetter,catch/getacold→haveacold,begintostudy→study,
他参军已有三年.Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.(错)改为:
Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.
Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.
Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.
Itisthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.
Threeyearshaspassedsincehejoinedthearmy.
(1)Hecametoourvillagetwoyearsago.=Heourvillagesincetwoyearsago.
(2)Helefthomethreedaysago=Hehomefor3days.
(3)Iboughtthewatch2weeksago=Ithewatchsince2weeksago.
(4)Itis5dayssinceIborrowedthebook=Ithebookfor5days.
(5)Thefilmhasbegun=Thefilmforhalfanhour.
(6)Igottoknowhim10yearsago=Ihimfor10years.
(7)Thereisafactory=Thereafactoryfor20years.
(8)Ourschoolopenedin1960=Ourschoolsince1960.
七、现在完成时中应注意的几个问题
1.havebeento和havegoneto的区别
havebeento强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如:
HehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.
他到美国去过三次.(过去“到美国”,现在已“不在美国”)
havegoneto主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场,如:
--Where'
syourmother?
--你妈妈在哪?
--Shehasgonetothehospital.--她去医院了.
2.havebeento和havebeenin的区别
havebeento强调人“已回到原地”,后面可接表示“次数”的状语.
①ShehasbeentoShanghaionlyonce.
②--Howmanytimeshashebeenthere?
--He'
sbeentheremanytimes.
havebeenin表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间,现仍在那里”,其后常带表示一段时间的状语.
①Theyhavebeenatthebusstopforhalfanhour.他们在车站呆了半小时.(现在仍然在车站)
②WehavebeeninXi'
anfortwoweeks.
我们在西安呆了两个多星期.(现仍在西安)
③HowlonghavetheybeeninChina?
他们在中国呆了多长时间了?
(仍在中国)
八、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?
一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.
(1)一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系.
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在.
如:
IlearnedtenEnglishsongs(说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容)
IhavelearnttenEnglishsongs.(learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲)
Icleanedtheblackboardhalfanhourago.(只说明“擦”和其发生的时间)
Ihavecleanedtheblackboard.(说明现在黑板是干净的)
Theteacherhaswrittensomenewwordsontheblackboard(黑板上现在有单词)
Theteacherwrotesomenewwordsontheblackboard(黑板上现在没有单词)
(2)一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:
yesterday,lastyear,threedaysago,justnow,等.现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for…,just,ever,never,before,already,yet,sofar,allone’slife等
八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加-ed(-d).已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆:
1)原形中的元音字母有变化:
get-got-got,sit–sat-satwin-won-wonspit-spat-spatshine–shone-shone
find-found-foundhold-held-heldmeet-met-metstand-stood-stood
understand-understood-understoodfeed-fed-fedhang-hung-hung
2)原形中的辅音字母有变化:
make-made-madespill-spilt-spilthave/has-had-hadbuild-built-built
send-sent-sentlend-lent-lentspend-spent-spent
3)在原形后加t或d:
spoil-spoilt-spoiltlearn-learnt-learntmean-meant-meanthear-heard-heard
pay-paid-paidsay-said-saidlose-lost-lostlay-laid-laid
4)原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:
feel-felt-feltsmell-smelt-smeltspell-spelt–speltkeep-kept-kept
sleep-slept-sleptsweep-swept-sweptleave-left-leftsell-sold-sold
tell-told-toldcatch-caught-caughtteach-taught-taughtbuy-bought-bought
bring-brought-broughtthink-thought-thoughtwear-wore-worn
5)与原形相同:
hit-hit-hithurt-hurt-hurtlet-let-letput-put-putread-read-read
set-set-setshut-shutshutcost-cost-costcut-cut-cut
还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下:
1)原形中的元音字母有变化:
ring-rang-rungsing-sang-sungdrink-drank-drunkswim-swam-swum
begin-began-begunsink-sank-sunk
2)在原形上加-en:
eat-ate-eatenfall-fell-fallenride-rode-riddenwrite-wrote-written
be-was/were-beenrise-rose-risenforget-forgot-forgotten
3)在原形上加-n:
see-saw-seengive-gave-givendrive-drove-driventake-took-taken
mistake-mistook-mistakendraw-drew-drawnblow-blew-blown
grow-grew-grownknow-knew-knownshow-showed-shownthrow-threw-thrown
4)在过去式上加-n:
steal-stole-stolenbreak-broken–brokenchoose-chose-chosenspeak-spoke-spokenwake-woke-woken
6)与原行相同:
come-came-comerun-ran-runbecome-became-become
7)原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的:
do-did-donego-went-gonefly-flew-flownlie-lay-lain
个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化:
learn-learned-learnedshined-shinedsmell–smelled-smelled
learnt-learntshineshone-shonesmelt-smelt
wake-waked-wakedspelled-spelled
woke-wokenspell-spelt–spelt
【典型例题】
1.—Oh,Mrs.King,yournecklacelooksnice.Isitnew?
—No,I____itfortwoyears.
A.hadB.havehadC.boughtD.havebought
2.Hisgrandfather_____forovertwoyears.
A.hasdiedB.hasbeendeadC.hasdeadD.died
3.UncleLican