工程管理毕业论文外文文献及翻译BIM Beyond BoundariesWord格式.docx

工程管理毕业论文外文文献及翻译BIM Beyond BoundariesWord格式.docx

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Abstract:

Optingfordepthoverbreadthofexpertiseisafalsechoicethatwillleadindividuals,organizations,theprofession,andindustryinthewrongdirection.

Keywords:

BIM,expertise,anti-learning,masterbuilder

Severalforcesareconvergingtocreateanunprecedentedandtimelyopportunityfororganizationsthathaveembracedbuildinginformationmodeling（BIM）.Theseforces—

includingtheriseoftheexpert,thegrowingcomplexityandspeedofprojects,andBIM’s

increasingrecognitionasanenabler,catalyst,andfacilitatorofteamcollaboration—alsopresent

significantchallengesthatcanbeovercomewiththerightapproachandmindset.

Atonetime,beinganexpertmeantknowingmorethanone’scompetitorsinaparticular

field.Firmsthatreinforcedtheirexpertculturehoardedinformation,whichresultedinsilosofexpertise.Today,manyfirmsarelookingtohirepeopleperceivedasbuildingandsoftwaretechnologyexperts,shortsightedlyaddressingtoday’sneedsattheexpenseoftomorrow’s.Whilearchitectshavealwaysbeentreeswithmanybranches,ourcurrenteconomicclimatehasdiscouragedthemfrombeinganythingbutpalmtrees:

alltrunk,nobranches.

Andyetthingschangesoquicklythatthosewhowenttobedexpertsareunlikelytowakeupexpertsinthemorning.Duetothespeedandcomplexityofprojects,wedonothavetimetoacquireknowledgetheoldway—slowly,overtime,throughtraditionalmeans.Evenwhenwe

supplementourbooklearningwithconferences,webinars,andcontinuingeducation,itisimpossibletokeepupwiththeflowofnewinformationinourindustry.

Expertisetodayisamuchmoresocial,fluid,anditerativeprocessthanitusedtobe.Beinganexpertisnolongerabouttellingpeoplewhatyouknowsomuchasunderstandingwhatquestionstoask,whotoask,andapplyingknowledgeflexiblyandcontextuallytothespecificsituationathand.Expertisehasoftenbeenassociatedwithteachingandmentoring.Todayit’s

moreconcernedwithlearningthanknowing:

lesstodowithcontinuingeducationandmorewithpracticingandengagingincontinuouseducation.

Socialmediapresentsthewould-beexpertwithbothopportunitiesandchallenges.Working

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withtheunderstandingthatsomebodysomewherehasalreadydonewhatyouaretryingtodo,designprofessionals,likeagiletechnologyexperts,canfindwhatthey’relookingforbytappingintotheirnetworksandaggregatingtheresponses.Conversely,duetotheriseofsocialmedia,virtuallyallanyonehastodotodaytobeconsideredatechnologyexpertistocallthemselvesone.Becausesocialnetworksallowpeopletoproclaimthemselvesexperts,itcanbehardtoknowwhototurnto,resultingintheriseofotherwiseunnecessarycertifications.

Anexperttodayissomeonewhosenetwork,community,orteamdeemshimorherso.Suchacknowledgmentfromone’scommunitycanbeconsideredaformofsocialcertification.Togrowone’sprofessionalreputation,expertiseinBIMcounter-intuitivelyrequiresunlearning,

detachment,collaboration,anddevelopingbothdeepskillsandbroadinterests.

BIMEXPERTISEREQUIRESUNLEARNING

Aswegrowinourcareers,wetendtofocusmoreonpeopleissuesandlessontechnology.Wealsotendtocooperateconditionally,respondingtothebehaviorofothers.Thishashugeimplicationsfordesignandconstructionprofessionalswhomightbenaturallycollaborative—

throughsharingknowledge,learning,mentoring,andteaching—butareotherwiseconditioned

andtemperedbythecultureofthefirmwheretheywork.

WorkinginBIMprovidesanunprecedentedopportunitytolearn:

howbuildingsgotogether,howprojectsarescheduled,costimplicationsofdecisions,andimpactontheenvironment.Atthesametime,thereisagreatdealwestillneedtounlearnwithBIM.Wecanstartbyaskingsomequestions:

WhichaspectsofthetraditionaldesignprocesschangewithBIMandwhichstaythesame?

Whatknowledge,methodsandstrategiesmustbeabandonedduetoBIMandwhatiscriticaltokeep?

Andperhapsmostimportant:

What,whilelearningtoworkinBIM,needstobeunlearned?

WhileunlearninghabitswepickedupworkinginCADwouldseemlikeagoodplacetostart,there’salsoagreatdealweneedtounlearninordertoreturntoouroriginalsharingattitudeandcooperativeways.Theseincludebadhabitswe’veacquiredsinceweleftthecocoonofschoolandembarkedonthehardknocksofacareerinarchitectureandconstruction,wherewemayhavelearnedtobemistrustful,skeptical,competitive,secretive,andworkingindependentlyinsilos.Indoingso,we’veunlearnedmanyofthecriticalnaturalhabits,attitudes,andmindsetsnecessarytoworkeffectivelyandcollaborativelyonintegratedteams.

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BIMEXPERTISEREQUIRESDETACHMENT

FromJapanesemartialartsthere’stheconceptofshuhari:

Firstlearn,thendetach,andfinallytranscend.AsconsultantIanRuskhasexplained,shu,ha,andriareconsideredthreephasesofknowledgethatonepassesthroughinthestudyofanart.Theycanbedescribedasthephasesoftraditionalknowledge,breakingwithtradition,andtranscendingit.

WorkinginBIM,weneedtoaddressallthreestepstomeetourgoals.Ofthesteps,thesecond（detachment,orbreakingwithtradition）isthemostimportant.Detachmentrequiresthatweremainflexibleandagilewhilelearning,notholdingontightlytoourideas,agendas,orprejudices,sothatwecanmovebeyondthem.

BIMEXPERTISEREQUIRESCOLLABORATION

WhileweasanindustryhavenowlivedwithBIMformorethantwodecades,mostfirmshaveacquiredandimplementedthetechnologyprimarilyasavisualizationandcoordinationtoolinthepastseveralyears.Weappeartohavereachedastandstillinthesoftware’suse,withmany

firmleaderswonderinghowtomaketheleaptomoreadvanceduses.Furthermasteryoftheapplicationthroughtraditionalmeanswon’thelpusgetthere.Ifwearetoachieveourpersonal,organizational,professional,andindustry-widegoalsoffullyparticipatinginpublic,community,creative,andeconomiclife,somethingmoreneedstohappen.

AchievinghigherlevelsofBIMuse—includinganalysis,computation,andfabrication—

requiresskillsandamindsetthatallowustoworkproductivelyandeffectivelyinacollaborativesetting.WorkingwithBIMenablesbutdoesn’tnecessarilyleadtocollaboration.WeeachhavetodecidewhetherornottolookbeyondBIMasatoolandembraceitasaprocess.Whenrecognizedasaprocess,BIMcanbeapowerfulcatalystandfacilitatorofteamcollaboration.

BIMEXPERTISEREQUIRESDEPTHANDBREADTH

ItwouldbeamistaketoassumethatexpertiseinBIMasatechnologyalonewillleadtogreaterleadershipopportunitiesonintegratedteams.Inthiscapacity,BIMrequiresattentiontoacquiringskillsthat,whileeasytoattain,canbeoverlookedifwefocusprimarilyonthesoftwaretools.

WithBIM,technicalexpertiseshouldnotbeconsideredmoreimportantthanincreasingone’ssocialintelligence,empathy,ortheabilitytorelatewellwithothers.Additionally,theconventionalwindowforachievingtechnologicalexpertiseistoolong.Betterthatoneachievesa

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highlevelofBIMcompetencymotivatedbypassionandcuriosity.Havingcompetencyinonesubjectdoesn’tprecludeyoufromaddressingothers.Infact,itcanbeadeterminantfordoingso.

Beingversatilefliesinthefaceofcurrentthinkingthattosucceedweshouldbolsterourstrengthsoverourweaknesses.TheanswertoShouldIbeaspecialistorgeneralist?

isyes.Theremustbepeoplewhocanseethedetailsaswellasthosewhocanseethebigpicture.Onegiftofthedesignprofessionalistherare（andunderappreciated）abilitytodobothsimultaneously.Aswithanyhybrid—generalizingspecialistorspecializinggeneralist—one’sstrengthprovides

theconfidencetocontributeopenlyfrommanyvantagepointsandperspectives.

Itiscriticalfor“T-shaped”expertstoreachoutandmakeconnections（thehorizontalarmof

theT）inalltheareastheyknowlittleornothingaboutfromtheirbaseoftechnicalcompetence（theverticalarmoftheT）.T-shapedexpertshaveconfidencebecauseoftheirassurancethattheyknowordoonethingwell.Theirconfidenceallowsthemtoseeasothersseebymeansof—not

through—whattheyknow.Theirexpertisedoesn’tcolortheirperceptionsomuchasprovideahomebasetoventurefromandreturntowithsomeassurancethatthey’llmaintaintheirbearingswhenventuringoutacrossthetable.

Broad-mindeddesignprofessionalsoftenfindthemselvesintheroleof“anti-experts,”

approachingchallengesfromtheperspectiveoftheoutsider.TothisPaulaScherofPentagramsaid,“WhenI’mtotallyunqualifiedforajob,that’swhenIdomybestwork.”Oncewebalance,

own,andultimatelyrealizeourexpertandanti-expertselves,we（asacommunity,profession,andindustry）willdoourbestwork.

WHATDOWEDONOW?

Firmswanttoknowhowtooptimizetheirworkprocessestobecomemoreefficientatwhattheydobest,toremaincompetitivebyleveragingthecompetitiveadvantageofBIMandintegrateddesign.OneoftheironiesfacingtheindustryisthatinordertomasterBIM,don’tlearnmoreBIM.Instead,dootherthings.

Whatwillbringaboutgreaterefficienciesandeffectiveness,increaseproductivityanddelivervalue,isnotadditionaltechnologyknowledgebutourabilitytocommunicate,relate,worktogether,thinklikeoneanother,haveempathy,understand,andlisten.Ifdesignprofessionalswanttoleadtheywilldosonotbyincreasingtheirdepthbutbybe