语言学问答题精选Word格式.docx

语言学问答题精选Word格式.docx

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•　1）Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.

•　2）Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

•　3）Thirdly,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

•3.Whyisspeechconsideredastheprimarymediumofhumanlanguage?

•1.First,speechprecedeswriting.Thewritingsystemisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordthespeech.Therearestillsomelanguagesthatonlyhavethespokenform.

•2.Then,alargeramountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.

•3.Third,speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.

•4.What’sthedifferencebetweenlangueandparole?

•Langue:

theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

•Parole:

therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

•但索氏语言（Langue）乃一抽象语言系统，他的言语（Parole）指日常语言，两者均为结构语言学研究对象。

海德格尔言谈，则与逻各斯古意相通。

5.What’sthedifferencebetweencompetenceandperformance?

•Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageWhilePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication（语言能力和语言行为）itmakesthedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.

•6.What’sthedifferencebetweenthedistinctionoflangueVs.paroleandthatofcompetenceVs.performance?

Bothofthemmakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.

Theydifferinthattheformertakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandthenotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions;

andthelatterlooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

2.Review3

1.Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?

phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,pcycholinguistics,appledlinguistics,

2.Whatdoeseachbranchoflinguisticsstudy?

Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.

Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Syntax-------it'

sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.

Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.

Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.

Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.

Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.

Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.

Generallinguistics普通语言学---thestudyoflanguageasawhole:

itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguistics.

3.Review4

▪1.Howdoyouunderstand“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication”?

答：

Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:

wordsarejustsymbols;

theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwell-developedtheirwritingsystemsare.

Theterm“human”inthedefinitionindicatesthatlanguageispossessedbyhumanbeingsonlyandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingcreatures.Theterm“communication”meansthatlanguagemakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfilltheircommunicativeneeds.

2.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?

（1）Arbitrariness

（2）Productivity

（3）Duality

（4）Displacement

（5）Culturaltransmission

（1）Arbitrariness

Asmentionedearlier,thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.

Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

（2）Productivity

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.

Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.

（3）Duality

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.

（4）Displacement

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.

（5）Culturaltransmission

Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.

▪3.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?

Why?

Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeiawordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc.Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements“photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.

ThePhoneticMediumofLanguage

1.1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage:

2.thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunication.

3.2.Speechsounds:

4.theindividualsoundswithinthephonicmediumoflanguage.

4.ReviewQuestions5

1.Howdophonetics（语言学）andphonology（音韵学）differintheirfocusofstudy?

Phonetics:

descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinedifferences.

Phonology:

descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.

Phoneticsismoreconcernedwithdescriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinedifferences;

phonologyismoreconcernedwiththeorganizationofspeechsoundsinrelationtotheconveyanceofmeaning.

2.Howdobroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?

Explainwithexamples.宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别？

Thebroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundsbyusingonelettertorepresentonesound.

Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithdiacritics（变音符号）toshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.

Inbroadtranscription,thesymbol[l]inusedforthesound[l]inwordslikeleaf[li:

f],feel[fi:

l],build[bild],andhealth[helθ].Thesound[l]inallthesewordsisdifferslightly.The[l]in[li:

f],occurringbeforeavowel,iscalledaclear[l],andnodiacriticisneededtoindicateit;

the[l]in[fi:

l]and[bild],occurringbeforeanotherconsonant,iscalleddark[l],indicatedinnarrowtranscriptionas[l].Thenin[helθ],thesound[l]isfollowedbythedentals