必须掌握的《语言学》术语及英文释意文档格式.docx
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akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.
6.
diachronic:
studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
7.
prescriptive:
thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
8.
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.
9.
descriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.
10.
arbitrariness:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.
11.
duality:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
12.
displacement:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.
13.
phaticcommunion:
onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.
14.
metalanguage:
certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.
15.
macrolinguistics:
heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,
anthropologicallinguistics,et
16.
competence:
languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.
17.
performance:
theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
18.
langue:
thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.
19.
parole:
theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).
20.
Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.
21.
Coarticulation:
akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.
22.
Voicing:
pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.
23.
Broadandnarrowtranscription:
theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;
theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;
while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.
24.
Consonant:
aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.
25.
Phoneme:
theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.
26.
Allophone:
anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.<
th>
isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated<
t>
.Both<
and<
areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.
27.
Vowl:
aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.
28.
Mannerofarticulation;
intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.
29.
Placeofarticulation:
intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.
30.
Distinctivefeatures:
atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.
31.
Complementarydistribution:
therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.
32.
IPA:
theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.
33.
Suprasegmental:
suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.
34.
aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.
35.
morpheme:
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
36.
compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37.
inflection:
themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.
38.
affix:
thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).
39.
derivation:
differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.
40.
root:
thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.
41.
allomorph:
;
anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.
42.
Stem:
anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.
43.
boundmorpheme:
anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s”.
44.
freemorpheme:
anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.
45.
lexeme:
Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword(e.g.”doginthemanger”)
46.
lexicon:
alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.
47.
grammaticalword:
wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.
48.
lexicalword:
wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.
49.
open-class:
awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.
50.
blending:
arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.
术语2
51.
loanvoord:
aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.
52.
loanblend:
aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.
53.
leanshift:
aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.
54.
acronym:
ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.
55.
loss:
thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.
56.
back-formation:
anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.
57.
assimilation:
thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.
58.
dissimilation:
theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.
59.
folketymology:
achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous
60.
category:
partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsof