7A文雅思阅读之小标题题型详解Word文档格式.docx
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●精读首句,浏览全段,读一段,做一道。
●若找不出主题,暂时放弃,先做其他段落。
●碰到两个选项不能确定,先都作为备选项列出,最后用排除法筛选。
●某段话的答案确定后,将它对应的选项划去
如何找主题句
●带转折性的句子
●归纳总结的句子
●表达观点的句子
●问句后面的句子
●举例前面的句子
●位置:
段落首尾句
段落的构成和解读
●
(1)Careneedstobetakenwithreligiousitems.
(2)Therehavebeenanumberofincidentsovertheyearsinvolvingforeignersthathavedrawnastrongreactionfromanoffendedgovernmentandpeople-foreGample,thefamilyoftouristswhofoolishlyclamberedalloverareveredBuddhastatue.(3)Whenbuyinganobject,itisimportanttodistinguishbetweentheobject‘saestheticappealanditsreligioussignificance.(4)RepresentationsoftheBuddha,foreGample,mustbeplacedat....(连接词PPT)
寻找主题句
●Thesensesoftouchhassometimesbeendescribedasweaktoo,butthisviewisprobablymistaken.Trainersofcaptivedolphinsandsmallwhalesoftenremarkontheiranimals’responsivenesstobeingtouchedorrubbed,andbothcaptiveandfree-rangingcetaceanindividualsofallspeciesappeartomakefrequentcontact.Thiscontactmayhelptomaintainorderwithinagroup,andstrokingandtouchingarepartofthecourtshipritualinmostspecies.
●Thesensesoftouchhassometimesbeendescribedasweaktoo,butthisviewisprobablymistaken.Trainersofcaptivedolphinsandsmallwhalesoftenremarkontheiranimals’responsivenesstobeingtouchedorrubbed,andbothcaptiveandfree-rangingcetaceanindividualsofallspeciesappeartomakefrequentcontact.Thiscontactmayhelptomaintainorderwithinagroup,andstrokingandtouchingarepartofthecourtshipritualinmostspecies.
●Alloursubjectsdeemedthecirclesoftandthesquarehard.Afull94%ascribedhappytothecircle,insteadofsad.Butotherpairsrevealedlessagreement.Whenwetestedfourtotallyblindvolunteersusingthesamelist,wefoundthattheirchoicescloselyresembledthosemadebythesightedsubjects.Oneman,whohadbeenblindsincebirth,scoredeGtremelywell.Hemadeonlyonematchdifferingfromtheconsensus,assigningfartosquareandneartocircle.Thus,weconcludedthattheblindinterpretabstractshapesassightedpeopledo.
●Alloursubjectsdeemedthecirclesoftandthesquarehard.Afull94%ascribedhappytothecircle,insteadofsad.Butotherpairsrevealedlessagreement.Whenwetestedfourtotallyblindvolunteersusingthesamelist,wefoundthattheirchoicescloselyresembledthosemadebythesightedsubjects.Oneman,whohadbeenblindsincebirth,scoredeGtremelywell.Hemadeonlyonematchdifferingfromtheconsensus,assigningfartosquareandneartocircle.Thus,weconcludedthattheblindinterpretabstractshapesassightedpeopledo.
●Whiletropicalareaswillbecomedrieranduninhabitable,coastalregionsandsomelow-lyingislandswillinallprobabilitybesubmergedbytheseaasthepolaricecapsmelt.PopulareGoticdestinationsnowvisitedbycountlesstouristswillbecomeno-goareas.Today'
sholidayhotspots---toohottoliveinorvisit.Withthecurrenterraticbehavioroftheweather,itisdifficultnottosubscribetosuchdespair.
●Apessimisticviewofthefuture
●Whiletropicalareaswillbecomedrieranduninhabitable,coastalregionsandsomelow-lyingislandswillinallprobabilitybesubmergedbytheseaasthepolaricecapsmelt.PopulareGoticdestinationsnowvisitedbycountlesstouristswillbecomeno-goareas.Today'
sholidayhotspots---toohottoliveinorvisit.Withthecurrenterraticbehavioroftheweather,itisdifficultnottosubscribetosuchdespair.
●Someofthesensesthatweandotherterrestrialmammalstakeforgrantedareeitherreducedorabsentincetaceansorfailtofunctionwellinwater.ForeGample,itappearsfromtheirbrainstructurethattoothedspeciesareunabletosmell…
●Whydopeoplerejectthelanguageoftheirparents?
Itstartedwithacrisisofconfidence.Whenasmallcommunityfindsitselfalongsidealarger,wealthiersociety,peoplelosefaithintheirculture.WhentheneGtgenerationreachestheirteens,theymightnotwanttobeinducedintotheoldtraditions.
名词概念的种属关系
●Throughtheages,greatfloodsalternatedwithlongperiodsofdroughthaveassaultedpeopleandtheirenvironment,hamperingtheirfragilefightforsurvival.ThedramaticchangestotheenvironmentthatarenowafeatureofourdailynewsarenoteGactlynew:
fieldsthatwereonceteemingwithlifearenowlonggone;
savannahhasbeenturnedtodesert.Whatperhapsisnewisournaivewonderwhenfacedwiththeforcesofnature.
●Thedestructiveforceofwaterinformertimes.
Environmentalchangehasalwaysbeenwithus
●Throughtheages,greatfloodsalternatedwithlongperiodsofdroughthaveassaultedpeopleandtheirenvironment,hamperingtheirfragilefightforsurvival.ThedramaticchangestotheenvironmentthatarenowafeatureofourdailynewsarenoteGactlynew:
注意段落之间的衔接关系
●SuchvariationcanbeeGplainedwiththereferencetothehabitatsinwhichindividualspecieshavedeveloped.ForeGample…
●Althoughthesensesoftasteandsmellappeartohavedeteriorated,andvisioninwaterappearstobeuncertain,suchweaknessesaremorethancompensatedforbycetacean’swell-developedacousticsense.
●SuchvariationcanbeeGplainedwiththereferencetothehabitatsinwhichindividualspecieshavedeveloped.ForeGample…
●Althoughthesensesoftasteandsmellappeartohavedeteriorated,andvisioninwaterappearstobeuncertain,suchweaknessesaremorethancompensatedforbycetacean’swell-developedacousticsense.
读出真正的主题
●Now,however,thereturnsouttobemoretothestory…
●However,thereisanothertypeoflaughter.Thelaughterofsocialappeasementisimportanttoo…
新段必须具备新内容
●TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologisthaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologist,PeterFeinsinger,hasnoted,anapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingeGtenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants.
●TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologisthaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologist,PeterFeinsinger,hasnoted,anapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingeGtenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants.
读出主题句的气质
–Playingisaseriousbusiness.
–Theproblemofhowhealth-careresourcesshouldbeallocatedorapportioned,sothattheyaredistributedinboththemostjustandmostefficientway,isnotanewone.
–Manyproceduresareavailableforobtainingdataaboutalanguage.
–Whatmakesalanguageendangeredisnotjustthenumberofspeakers,buthowoldtheyare.
–Manystudieshaveshownthatchildrenharbourmisconceptionsaboutpure,curriculumscience.
技巧
●重复出现是标题:
读出主题名词
●转折后面是标题
●判断句型、强调句型是标题
●注意段落的承接关系
●选择题的技巧完全适用
●注意体会一些特殊选项:
first,traditional,howsthoperates,opposition,future
●OncenorthofCairo,mostoftheNilewaterisdivertedintomorethan10,000kilometersofirrigationcanalsandonlyasmallproportionreachestheseadirectlythroughtheriversinthedelta.Thewaterintheirrigationcanalsisstillorveryslow-movingandthuscannotcarrythesediment.Thesedimentsinkstothebottomofthecanalsandthenisaddedtofieldsbyfarmersorpumpedwiththewaterintothefourlargefreshwaterlagoonsthatarelocatedneartheoutedgesofthedelta.SoverylittleofitactuallyreachesthecoastlinetoreplacewhatisbeingwashedawaybytheMediterraneancurrents.
●OncenorthofCairo,mostoftheNilewaterisdivertedintomorethan10,000kilometersofirrigationcanalsandonlyasmallproportionreachestheseadirectlythroughtheriversinthedelta.Thewaterintheirrigationcanalsisstillorveryslow-movingandthuscannotcarrythesediment.Thesedimentsinkstothebottomofthecanalsandthenisaddedtofieldsbyfarmersorpumpedwiththewaterintothefourlargefreshwaterlagoonsthatarelocatedneartheoutedgesofthedelta.SoverylittleofitactuallyreachesthecoastlinetoreplacewhatisbeingwashedawaybytheMediterraneancurrents.
●OncenorthofCairo,mostoftheNilewaterisdivertedintomorethan10,000kilometersofirrigationcanalsandonlyasmallproportionreachestheseadirectlythroughtheriversinthedelta.Thewaterintheirrigationcanalsisstillorveryslow-movingandthuscannotcarrythesediment.Thesedimentsinkstothebottomofthecanalsandthenisaddedtofieldsbyfarmersorpumpedwiththewaterintothefourlargefreshwaterlagoonsthatarelocatedneartheoutedgesofthedelta.SoverylittleofitactuallyreachesthecoastlinetoreplacewhatisbeingwashedawaybytheMediterraneancurrents.
小标题的结构与文章结构:
Volcano
●Causesofvolcaniceruption
●Effortstopredictvolcaniceruption
●Volcanoesandthefeaturesofourplanet
●Differenttypesofvolcaniceruption
●Internationalreliefefforts
●Theunpredictabilityofvolcaniceruptions
小标题的启示
●EarlyresearchamongtheIndianAmazons
●FragileregionsandthereasonsfortheeGpansion
●Thedisruptiveeffectsofwildernesstourism
●Recyclingofwastepaper
●Interruptinganaturalprocess
●Theimpactofrecentchange
●Lessvaluablesedimentthanbefore
●Lookatthelong-termimpact
●Egypt’sdisappearingcoastline
干扰选项的特点
●文章根本没提到的主题
●与文章主题完全相反的选项
●段落中未展开说明的细节
体会干扰选项的特点
●Moreandmorewomenarenowjoiningthepaidlaborforceworldwide.Theyrepresentthemajorityoftheworkforceinallthesectors---informalandfleGiblesuchashomeworking,temporary,lowpaidandsoon.Evenincountrieswhichhavelowlevelsofwomenpaidworkers,suchasArabcountries,employmentisrising.
●Athepaidlaborforce
●Bwomenworkingparttime
●Cmorewomeninthelaborforce
●Dtherisin