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Thefirstuniquehumancharacteristicisthathumanshaveextraordinarilylargebrainscomparedwithotheranimals.Itseemsobviousthatevolutionshouldselectforlargerbrains.Mammals(哺乳动物)weighingsixtykilogramshaveanaveragebrainsizeof200cm2.Modernmanhasabrainaveraging1200-1400cm2.Wearesofondofourhighintelligencethatweassumethatwhenitcomestobrainpower,moremustbebetter.Unfortunately,thatisnotthecase.
Thefactisthatahugebrainisahugedrain—consumptionofenergy—onthebody.I’snoteasytocarryaround,especiallywhenboxedinsideamassiveskull(倾骨).It’sevenhardertoprovidesenergy.Inmodernman,thebrainaccountsforabout2-3%oftotalbodyweightbutitconsumes25%ofthebody’senergywhenthebodyisatrest.Bycomparison,thebrainsofapes(类人猿)requireonly8%ofrest-timeenergy.Earlyhumanspadfortheirlargebrainsintwoways.Firstly,theyspentmoretimeinsearchfood.Secondly,theirmusclesgrewsmallerandweaker.It’shardlyanobviousconclusionthatthisisagoodwaytosurvive.Achimpanzee(黑猩猩)can’twinanargumentwithamodernman,butitcantearthemanapartlikearagdoll.
Anotheruniquehumancharacteristicisthatwewalkupright.Standingup,it’seasiertofindfoodorenemies.Inaddition,theirarmsthatareunnecessaryformovingaroundarefreedforotherpurposes,likethrowingstonesorsignaling.Asaresult,humanscanperformverycomplextaskswiththeirhands.
Yetwalkinguprighthasitsdisadvantage.Thebonestructureofourancestorsdevelopedformillionsofyearstosupportacreaturethatwalkedonallfoursandhasarelativelysmallhead.Adjustingtoanuprightpositionwasquiteachallenge,especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull.Humankindpaidforitsbroadvisionandskillfulhandsbackachesandpainfulnecks.
Weassumethatalargebrainmakeshugeadvantages.Itseemsobviousthatthesehavemadehumankindthemostpowerfulanimalonearth.Buthumansenjoyedalloftheseadvantagesforafull2millionyearsduringwhichtheyremainedweakandmarginalcreature.Thushumanswholivedamillionyearsago,despitetheirbigbrainsandsharpstonetools,livedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals.
Introduction
●Largebrainsfortheirbodiesandtheabilitytowalkuprightaretwo
(71)▲ofhumanbeings.
The(72)▲oflargehumanbrains
●Thelargerbrainsmaynotbebetterbecauseofthecost.
●Thebigbrainsmakeitharderforthebodytomovearoundandconsumemoreenergy.
●Theanimalbrainrequiresless(73)▲whenthebodyisatrest.
●Largehumanbrainsconsumemorefood,andweakenmuscles.
The(74)▲ofwalkingupright
●Walkinguprightmakesiteasytofindfoodor(75)▲againstenemies.
●Freedhandscanservesome(76)▲purposeandperformcomplextasks.
●Walkinguprightchallengesthehumanbonestructure,and(77)▲thesizeofbrains.
●Walkinguprightresultsin(78)▲sufferings.
Conclusion
●Withalargebrain,humanbeings(79)▲otherbeingsintermsof
intelligence.
●Weakandmarginal,humanbeingsremained(80)▲ofmeat-eatinganimals.
2018
HowArtsPromoteOurEconomy
Whenmostpeoplethinkofthearts,theyimaginetheendproduct,thebeautifulpainting,awonderfulpieceofmusic,oranaward-winningperformanceinthetheater.Butartsgroupsbringbroadervaluetoourcommunities.Theeconomicimpactoftheartsisoftenoverlookedandbadlyjudged.
Theartscreatejobsthathelpdeveloptheeconomy.Anygivenperformancetakesatourbusfullofartists,technicalexperts,managers,musicians,orwriterstocreateanappealingpieceofart.Thesepeopleearnalivingwagefortheirprofessionalknowledgeandskills.
Anothergroupoffolksisneededtohelpmarkettheevent.“Ifyoubuildittheywillcome”isamisleadingbelief.Painters,digitalmediaexperts,photographers,bookingagentsandpromotersarehiredtosellticketsandpromotetheevent.AccordingtotheDallasAreaCulturalAdvocacyCoalition,artsagenciesemploymorethan10,000peopleasfull-orpart-timeemployeesorindependentcontractors.
Asuccessfulartsneighborhoodcreatesarippleeffect(连锁反应)throughoutacommunity.In2005,whentheBishopArtsTheatrewasdonatedtoourtown,thelocationwasconsideredapoorareaoftown.Afterinvestingmorethan$1millioninreconstructingthebuilding,webeganproducingafullseasonoftheaterperformances,jazzconcerts,andyear-roundartseducationprogramsin2008.Nearly40percentofjazzloversliveoutsideoftheDallascitylimitsanddriveorflyintoenjoyaneveningintheBishopArtsDistrict.
Nodoubtthetheaterhascontributedtothearea’sdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.Today,therearegalleries,studios,restaurantsandnewlybuiltworkspaceswhereneighborsshareexperiences,wherethereisrenewedlifeandenergy.Inthisway,artsandculturealsoserveasapublicgood.
TeCoTheatricalProductionsInc.madeuseofBloomberg’sinvestmentof$35,000togetnearly$400,000inpublicandprivatesectorsupportduringthetwo-yearperiod.Further,Dallasartsandarts-basedbusinessesproduce$298foreverydollarthecityspendsonartsprogrammingandfacilities.InPhiladelphia,ametroareasmallerthanDallas,theartshaveaneconomicimpactofalmost$3millionandsupport44,000jobs,80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry,includingaccountants,marketers,constructionworkers,hotelmanagers,printers,andotherkindsofartworkers.
Theartsareefficienteconomicdriversandwhentheyaresupported,theentiresmall-businesscommunitybenefits.
Itiswrongtoassumeartsgroupscannotmakeaprofit.Butinordertostayinbusiness,artsgroupsmustproducereturns.Ifyouareastudentstudyingthearts,chancesareyouhavebeenill-advisedtohaveaplanB.Butthosewhotrulyunderstandtheeconomicimpactandcanworktochangethepatternscancreateawiderangeofcareerpossibilities.
Artsasaneconomicdriver
Ourcommunities(71)▲fromartsintermsofeconomy.
(72)▲ofarts’promotingoureconomy
Artsactivitydemandsa(n)(73)▲effort.Itinvolvescreation,performance,and(74)▲.
◆Artistsmakealivingthroughtheircreativework.
◆Othersgetpaidbymarketingtheevent.
Artshaveagraduallyspreading(75)▲.Theycouldhelppromoteotherindustrieswhethertheylieinsideoroutsidearts.
◆Besidestickets,somejazzloverswillpaytheir(76)▲toandfromtheevents.
◆Artscontributetoculturaldevelopmentwhenpeoplegathertogethertosharetheirexperienceandrenewtheirenergy.
Investmentinartscouldproducepotential(77)▲economicresults.
◆TeCouseda$35,000artinvestmenttoattractanoverallsupportof$400,000.
◆InDallas,onedollarinvestedinartscouldharvestandextraordinaryreturnofnearly$300.
◆InPhiladelphiatheartshavecreatedabout35,000jobopportunitiesforworkers
(78)▲artsindustry.
Artstudentsmakingagoodliving
Withthese(79)▲inmind,artstudentsneednotworryabouttheircareerandhavea(n)(80)▲plan.
2017
PopulationChange
Whyistheworld’spopulationgrowing?
Theanswerisnotwhatyoumightthink.Thereasonfortheexplosionisnotthatpeoplehavebeenreproducinglikerabbits,butthatpeoplehavestoppeddroppingdeadlikeflies.In1900,peoplediedattheaverageageof30.By2000theaverageagewas65.Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury,decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.
Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore,around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworld’speoplenowliveinsuchnations),butyou’dbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.
AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina,forinstance.Whatdoesitimply?
First,Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry.Second,ifotherfactorssuchastechnologyremainconstant,economicgrowthandmaterialexpectationswillfallwellbelowrecentstandardsandthiscouldinvitetrouble.
Russiaisanothercountrywithpopulationproblemsthatcouldbreakitseconomicpromise.Since1992thenumberofpeopledyinghasbeenbiggerthanthatofthosebeingbornbyamassive50%.Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.Whyisthisoccurring?
Nobodyisquitesure,butpoordietanabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.Ifcurrenttrendsdon’tbend,Russia’spopulationwillbeaboutthesizeofYemen’sbytheyear2050.
InthenorthofIndia,thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates,butinthesouth,wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace,birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist,birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030,asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.
Onesolution